Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Immunology
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What is the primary purpose of using a high salt concentration in buffer systems for antibody purification?

  • To facilitate the precipitation of the antibody from the solution.
  • To promote the binding of the antibody to the immobilized antigen.
  • To minimize the exposure of sensitive antibodies to low pH. (correct)
  • To increase the solubility of the antibody.

Which technique offers the highest purity in a single step for antibody purification?

  • Gel electrophoresis
  • Sodium sulfate precipitation
  • Affinity purification (correct)
  • Ammonium sulfate precipitation

What is the common method for attaching a peptide antigen to an agarose support for affinity purification?

  • Synthesizing the peptide with a terminal cysteine residue. (correct)
  • Utilizing a specific enzyme to attach the peptide to the agarose.
  • Using a linker molecule with a specific affinity for both the peptide and the agarose.
  • Mixing the peptide with the agarose and allowing them to interact non-covalently.

What is the primary method used to recover purified antibody from the immobilized antigen support?

<p>Elution with a low pH buffer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using sodium sulfate or ammonium sulfate to precipitate antibodies?

<p>To remove impurities from the antibody solution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary methods for analyzing the purity of an antibody sample?

<p>Chromatography and gel electrophoresis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of heterogeneity in monoclonal antibodies?

<p>Variations introduced during the expression or manufacturing process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can antibody heterogeneity impact therapeutic products?

<p>Reduced potency, altered bioavailability, and potential immunogenicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is NOT found on the surface of a memory B cell?

<p>IgM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of plasma cells?

<p>To secrete antibodies into the extracellular fluids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about T cells?

<p>They have antigen receptors that are specific for a particular epitope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the humoral immune system?

<p>To produce antibodies that directly attack pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Class I and Class II MHC proteins?

<p>Class I proteins present peptides derived from intracellular pathogens, while Class II proteins present peptides derived from extracellular pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the immune system 'remember' previous encounters with an antigen?

<p>By maintaining a population of long-lived memory cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the immune response and antibody titer?

<p>Antibody titer reflects the intensity of the humoral immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cell is involved in the activation of B cells?

<p>Helper T cells (TH cells) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of a primary immune response?

<p>A gradual rise in antibody titer, followed by a slow decline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a virgin T cell?

<p>It has a high level of memory function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do B lymphocytes (B cells) contribute to specific immunity?

<p>They produce antibodies that target specific antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CD3 complex in T cell function?

<p>It transduces signals into the cell upon antigen recognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of the antigen receptors on B and T lymphocytes?

<p>They allow lymphocytes to recognize and bind to specific antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about TH1 and TH2 cells?

<p>TH1 cells secrete cytokines that activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes, while TH2 cells activate B cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cell-mediated immune response differ from the humoral immune response?

<p>The cell-mediated response directly targets infected cells, while the humoral response neutralizes pathogens through antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the immune system in humans?

<p>The immune system is a static system that does not change throughout life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conditioning the sample before purification?

<p>To remove impurities such as cells and debris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chromatography method binds the desired antibody while allowing anions to flow through?

<p>Cation exchange chromatography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a difference in isoelectric point (pI) necessary for effective separation using ion exchange chromatography?

<p>To achieve a significant charge difference between the molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of size exclusion chromatography is its main drawback?

<p>Low resolution and low capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of Protein A/G affinity chromatography?

<p>It offers a high level of purity for antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential issue with using low pH during the elution phase of Protein A/G affinity chromatography?

<p>It may lead to Protein A/G leaking from the column (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In ion exchange chromatography, at what pH is anion exchange typically conducted to retain the desired antibody?

<p>A high pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the pI of albumin, which is 4.8, have on its separation from monoclonal antibodies?

<p>It gives albumin a more negative charge at certain pH levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of using cloned genes in vaccine development?

<p>Cloned genes enable mass production of desired antigens in living organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT mentioned in the development of vaccines through biotechnology?

<p>Use of live attenuated viruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of monoclonal antibodies in vaccine production?

<p>To separate the desired antigens from the cell culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for producing an anti-malarial vaccine using the CS protein?

<p>The CS protein is utilized due to its role in the sporozoite phase of the malaria lifecycle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is used as a vector to insert genes for desired antigens in vaccine development?

<p>Vaccinia virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the malaria lifecycle is targeted by the development of antisporozoite vaccines?

<p>The sporozoite stage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of intrabodies in the context of viral infections?

<p>To target mandatory viral proteins such as Vif, Tat, or Rev (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about recombinant DNA technology is true?

<p>It involves incorporating genes into the DNA of specific microbes or mammalian cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Troy-bodies designed to enhance in vaccine applications?

<p>T-cell activation through antigen presentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using anti-idiotype antibodies in vaccine development?

<p>They can mimic the structure of antigens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are crucial for the specificity of Troy-bodies?

<p>C domains encoding cryptic T-cell epitopes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do engineered, APC-targeted antibodies aim to achieve in vaccine strategies?

<p>To deliver vaccine-inducing epitopes through adenoviruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic defines immunobiologicals?

<p>Can induce a specific and active immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a vaccine be administered?

<p>Through needle injections, orally, or via aerosol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of immunization?

<p>Providing protection against diseases through vaccines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is unique to vaccines among immunobiological products?

<p>They induce immunity against an infecting agent or its toxin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Intrabodies

Antibodies that target intracellular viral proteins, like HIV components.

Vif, Tat, Rev

Mandatory viral proteins targeted by intrabodies in HIV.

Troy-bodies

Engineered vaccine antibodies that enhance T-cell activation via APC specificity.

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

Cells that display T-cell epitopes to activate T-cells.

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Gene therapy vectors

Vehicles used to deliver therapeutic intrabodies into cells.

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Vaccines

Immunobiologicals that induce active immunity against pathogens or toxins.

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Immunization

The process by which a person becomes protected against a disease.

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Active immunity

Immunity developed through vaccination or disease recovery.

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Biotechnology in Vaccines

The use of biotechnological methods to develop vaccines against diseases.

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Cloned Genes

Isolation and insertion of specific genes to produce antigens in microbes or mammalian cells.

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Recombinant DNA Technology

A genetic engineering method to isolate and manipulate DNA sequences for desired outcomes.

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Monoclonal Antibodies

Antibodies produced from identical immune cells, targeting specific antigens.

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Anti-malarial Vaccine Development

Creating vaccines to combat the malaria parasite through biotechnology methods.

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Circumsporozoite (CS) Protein

A protein from the malaria parasite used to develop vaccines targeting the sporozoite phase.

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Vaccinia Virus in Vaccination

A virus used in genetic engineering to deliver desired antigens and stimulate immune response.

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Synthetic Peptides as Vaccines

Using designed peptide sequences to create immune responses without live pathogens.

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B cell

A type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies against specific antigens.

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Memory B cell

B cells that remember past infections to respond quickly upon re-exposure.

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Plasma cell

A B cell that has differentiated to produce antibodies.

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T cell

A lymphocyte involved in the adaptive immune response that recognizes specific antigens.

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MHC proteins

Molecules that present antigen fragments to T cells to recognize and respond.

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CD4+ T cell

Helper T cells that assist other cells in the immune response.

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Effector T cell

T cells that actively respond to an antigen during an immune response.

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Humoral immune system

Part of the immune system responsible for antibody production.

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Cell-mediated immune system

Part of the immune system using lymphocytes to attack infected cells.

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Antibody titer

The concentration of antibodies present in the serum.

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Primary immune response

The initial immune response to a first-time exposure to an antigen.

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Secondary immune response

An enhanced immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

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Memory cells

Long-lived B lymphocytes that provide a rapid response upon re-exposure to an antigen.

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B lymphocytes (B cells)

Immune cells that produce antibodies specific to antigens.

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T lymphocytes (T cells)

Immune cells that destroy infected cells and coordinate immune responses.

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Affinity Purification

A method to isolate antibodies using antigen specificity for maximum purity.

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Covalent Attachment

Linking an antigen to a support using strong chemical bonds for antibody purification.

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Immobilized Antigen

Antigen fixed to a support for binding with antibodies in purification.

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Elution Buffer

A solution used to recover purified antibodies from the support by breaking bonds.

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Precipitation with Salt

Using sodium or ammonium sulfate to selectively separate antibodies from other proteins.

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Desalting Method

Technique to remove excess salt after antibody precipitation, typically by dialysis.

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Antibody Heterogeneity

Variability in antibodies due to production differences, affecting their efficacy and stability.

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Chromatogram Analysis

Method to evaluate antibody purity by visualizing impurities as peaks in a chromatogram.

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Centrifugation

A method to separate particles from a liquid based on density through spinning.

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Filtration

The process of removing particles from a liquid using a filter.

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Ion exchange chromatography

A technique to separate ions based on their charge using a resin.

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Isoelectric point (pI)

The pH at which a particular molecule carries no net electric charge.

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Size exclusion chromatography

A method that separates particles based on size, allowing smaller particles to pass through while retaining larger ones.

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Protein A/G affinity chromatography

A purification method where antibodies are separated by binding to Protein A/G.

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Low pH elution

The process of releasing a bound molecule at a lower pH, often used in chromatography.

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Membrane fouling

The accumulation of particles on a membrane surface, hindering its function.

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Study Notes

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Immunology

  • Pharmaceutical immunology includes engineering antibodies for therapy, monoclonal antibody production, recombinant antibodies, and antibody fragments.
  • Biotechnology is used in vaccine development for viral and bacterial infections, including recombinant DNA vaccines for prevention of viral and bacterial infections.
  • Recombinant proteins like human insulin, growth hormones, and interferons are important in treatment.
  • Immunity is the state of being protected from disease, especially infectious diseases.
  • Immunity is induced by exposure to antigens on microorganisms or by vaccination.
  • The immune response involves three components: immunogen stimulation, humoral immune system, and cellular immune system.
  • The immune response has four primary characteristics: discrimination, specificity, anamnesis, and transferability.
  • Immunogens are chemicals that cause an immune response. Antigens bind to products of an immune response to eliminate them.
  • Antibodies are glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes in response to antigens.
  • Adjuvants are substances like alum or mineral oil that prolong and intensify the immune response.
  • Immunogens and antigens often have molecular weights over 5 kilodaltons, and protein content is important for immunogenicity.
  • Haptens are low molecular weight compounds that become immunogens after binding to larger molecules or cell surfaces.
  • Tolerogens induce non-responsiveness to antigens.
  • Acquired immunity develops over an individual's lifetime, and has active and passive forms each with active and passive.
  • Active immunity is a response by the body's own immune cells and antibodies, and Passive immunity is through transfer of antibodies from another source.

Key Concepts

  • Immunogens
  • Antigens
  • Antibodies
  • Adjuvants
  • Immunogen-antigens
  • Haptens
  • Tolerogens
  • Types of specific immunity (Acquired immunity, naturally acquired, artificially acquired)
  • Cell-Mediated Immunity
  • Humoral Immunity
  • Herd Immunity
  • Local Immunity,
  • Passive immunity
  • Active immunity
  • Congenital immunity
  • Anamnesis (immunological memory)
  • Transferability by living cells

Cells of the Immune System

  • B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) are the primary cells of specific immune responses.
  • B cells have specific receptors that bind chemically related antigens.
  • T cells also have specific receptors, but recognize antigens presented on MHC proteins.
  • Natural killer (NK) cells recognize and destroy tumor cells.
  • Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) present antigens to T cells.
  • Helper T cells (TH cells) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL cells) are different types of T cells.
  • T regulatory cells (Treg cells) help regulate the immune response.

Monoclonal Antibodies

  • Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs or moAbs) are identical and specific antibodies produced from a single type of cell. They have monovalent affinity.
  • They have potential to be used in diagnostic testing or as medication to detect or purify a substance.
  • They are produced by fusing myeloma cells with spleen cells.
  • Hybridoma technology produces genetically identical antibodies.
  • Human monoclonal antibodies are produced by modifying mouse antibodies, or using transgenic mice.
  • Different techniques like phage display are also used.

Vaccine Production

  • Vaccines are immunobiological products that can produce active immunity to prevent infectious diseases.
  • Vaccines can be produced by using cloned genes for antigen synthesis, knock-out genes, synthetic peptides,, and anti-idiotype antibodies.
  • Different types of vaccine include live vaccines, killed vaccines, subunit vaccines, and DNA vaccines.

Gene Therapy

  • Gene Therapy corrects defective genes.
  • It involves introducing a normal gene to replace an abnormal gene, or inactivating a mutated gene or introducing a new gene to fight disease.
  • It can be categorized into germline and somatic.

DNA Vaccines

  • DNA vaccines use plasmids to produce specific proteins.
  • These vaccines are produced using recombinant DNA technology.
  • They help to stimulate an immune response to a pathogen's proteins or their components.

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BTG 401 Immunology Lecture Notes PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in pharmaceutical immunology and biotechnology, focusing on antibody engineering, vaccine development, and the immune response. Explore the mechanisms of immunity and the significance of various recombinant proteins in therapy. Test your knowledge on how immunogens and antigens play a critical role in the immune system.

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