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The word immunity is derived from the Latin term immunis, meaning 'exempt'.
The word immunity is derived from the Latin term immunis, meaning 'exempt'.
True
Thucydides documented that only those who had recovered from a disease could acquire it a second time, referring to the plague in Athens.
Thucydides documented that only those who had recovered from a disease could acquire it a second time, referring to the plague in Athens.
True
Variolation was a technique used in the 15th century where smallpox pustules were inhaled or inserted into cuts for immunity.
Variolation was a technique used in the 15th century where smallpox pustules were inhaled or inserted into cuts for immunity.
True
Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato were awarded the Nobel Prize for their research on viral infections only.
Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato were awarded the Nobel Prize for their research on viral infections only.
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The immune response of the body can be classified into three types: innate, acquired, and adaptive.
The immune response of the body can be classified into three types: innate, acquired, and adaptive.
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Phagocytosis was first observed by Metchnikoff in 1884 when he injected fish with bacteria.
Phagocytosis was first observed by Metchnikoff in 1884 when he injected fish with bacteria.
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Immune systems consist solely of antibodies and do not include other biological structures.
Immune systems consist solely of antibodies and do not include other biological structures.
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The first step in the process of phagocytosis involves the ingestion of microorganisms by pseudopodia.
The first step in the process of phagocytosis involves the ingestion of microorganisms by pseudopodia.
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Inflammatory response is triggered solely by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms.
Inflammatory response is triggered solely by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms.
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During the inflammatory response, increased capillary permeability leads to the formation of exudate.
During the inflammatory response, increased capillary permeability leads to the formation of exudate.
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Chemotaxis refers to the adherence of leukocytes to the inner endothelial wall of blood vessels.
Chemotaxis refers to the adherence of leukocytes to the inner endothelial wall of blood vessels.
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Pus is formed from the accumulation of dead cells, digested material, and fluid at the site of injury.
Pus is formed from the accumulation of dead cells, digested material, and fluid at the site of injury.
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Central immune organs include the thymus gland and the spleen.
Central immune organs include the thymus gland and the spleen.
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Innate immunity is also referred to as natural or specific immunity.
Innate immunity is also referred to as natural or specific immunity.
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Phagocytic barriers are one of the four types of innate immunity defense mechanisms.
Phagocytic barriers are one of the four types of innate immunity defense mechanisms.
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The flushing action of tears helps prevent infection in the stomach.
The flushing action of tears helps prevent infection in the stomach.
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Tonsils are classified as central immune organs in the human immune system.
Tonsils are classified as central immune organs in the human immune system.
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The digestive tract's peristalsis aids in maintaining a barrier against microorganisms.
The digestive tract's peristalsis aids in maintaining a barrier against microorganisms.
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Active immunity can be obtained through maternal antibody transfer.
Active immunity can be obtained through maternal antibody transfer.
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The immune system consists of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend against pathogens.
The immune system consists of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend against pathogens.
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Lymph nodes belong to the central immune organs of the body.
Lymph nodes belong to the central immune organs of the body.
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The process of fever involves the sequestering of iron and zinc by the spleen to inhibit bacterial growth.
The process of fever involves the sequestering of iron and zinc by the spleen to inhibit bacterial growth.
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Coughing and sneezing primarily serve to enhance the absorption of oxygen in the respiratory tract.
Coughing and sneezing primarily serve to enhance the absorption of oxygen in the respiratory tract.
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Sebum produced by sebaceous glands has a pH level that is inhibitory to certain microbes, including bacteria and fungi.
Sebum produced by sebaceous glands has a pH level that is inhibitory to certain microbes, including bacteria and fungi.
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Lysozyme is an enzyme that can be found in gastric acid, playing a role in digesting proteins.
Lysozyme is an enzyme that can be found in gastric acid, playing a role in digesting proteins.
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Earwax provides protection against bacteria and helps to lubricate the ear canal.
Earwax provides protection against bacteria and helps to lubricate the ear canal.
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Defensins are inactive peptides that do not contribute to the immune response.
Defensins are inactive peptides that do not contribute to the immune response.
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Gastric proteases are essential for destroying microorganisms found in food.
Gastric proteases are essential for destroying microorganisms found in food.
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Phospholipase destabilizes bacterial membranes and is found exclusively in breast milk.
Phospholipase destabilizes bacterial membranes and is found exclusively in breast milk.
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The trapping effect of mucus is utilized only in the gastrointestinal tract.
The trapping effect of mucus is utilized only in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Interferons are proteins produced by the body's cells in response to bacterial infections.
Interferons are proteins produced by the body's cells in response to bacterial infections.
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Natural killer (NK) cells are primarily responsible for producing perforins to destroy bacteria.
Natural killer (NK) cells are primarily responsible for producing perforins to destroy bacteria.
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The complement system consists of over 20 different proteins that assist phagocytic cells in clearing pathogens.
The complement system consists of over 20 different proteins that assist phagocytic cells in clearing pathogens.
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Eosinophils make up about 50-70% of the total leukocyte population in the human body.
Eosinophils make up about 50-70% of the total leukocyte population in the human body.
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Basophils are the most abundant type of leukocytes in the human body.
Basophils are the most abundant type of leukocytes in the human body.
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Macrophages are produced by the differentiation of neutrophils in tissues.
Macrophages are produced by the differentiation of neutrophils in tissues.
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The classical and alternative pathways are two methods for activating the complement system.
The classical and alternative pathways are two methods for activating the complement system.
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Neutrophils are non-granular leukocytes that play a minimal role in immune defense.
Neutrophils are non-granular leukocytes that play a minimal role in immune defense.
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Histamine release from basophils plays a significant role in allergic reactions.
Histamine release from basophils plays a significant role in allergic reactions.
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Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of granulocyte that target parasitic infections.
Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of granulocyte that target parasitic infections.
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The main function of the complement system is to aid in the lysis of target cells through the formation of a membrane attack complex.
The main function of the complement system is to aid in the lysis of target cells through the formation of a membrane attack complex.
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Study Notes
Pharmaceutical Microbiology II
- Course offered by the Pharmacy department
- Instructor: Dr./Fahad Alzowahi, Assistant Professor in Microbiology
Brief History of Immunology
- The Latin term "immunis," meaning "exempt," is the origin of the English word "immunity," referring to the state of protection against infectious diseases.
- Thucydides, in 430 BC, described a plague in Athens, noting that individuals who recovered from the plague were immune to subsequent infections.
- The earliest attempts to induce immunity were practiced by the Chinese and Turks in the 15th century.
- Variolation, a technique involving exposure to smallpox pustules, was practiced to achieve immunity.
- Edward Jenner's discovery of smallpox vaccination in 1798 marked a significant milestone; vaccination offered protection and a milder form of the disease.
- Louis Pasteur's work in 1884 led to attenuated vaccines, lowering disease severity.
- Elie Metchnikoff, in 1884, observed phagocytosis, the process where cells engulf and destroy pathogens.
- George Nuttall, in 1888, identified antibodies in serum.
- Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato's work in 1890 established the humoral theory of immunity, focusing on antibody activity against toxins.
Nobel Prizes in Immunology
- A table of Nobel laureates is presented, listing the year of the prize, the laureate, and the recognized concept in immunology.
Immunology
- Immunology is the branch of biomedical science studying the body's defense mechanisms.
- Immunity is the host's defense against and protection from foreign pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
- Immune response is the reaction of the immune system to foreign bodies or invading pathogens.
- Two types of immune responses exist: innate and acquired.
- Immune responses can be either humoral or cell-mediated.
The Immune System
- The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from pathogens.
- Central immune organs (primary lymphoid organs): responsible for the production and maturation of lymphocytes.
- Bone marrow and thymus gland are included.
- Peripheral immune organs (secondary lymphoid organs): serve as sites for further lymphocyte maturation and antigen trapping.
- Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, vermiform appendix and Peyer's patches are included.
- Diagrams of the lymphoid organs are presented.
Types of Immunity
- Two main categories of immunity: innate and acquired.
- Innate immunity is present from birth (natural) while acquired immunity is developed later in life.
- Innate immunity can further be divided into natural and passive immunity.
- Acquired immunity can be subdivided into active and passive immunity, natural, and artificial immune responses.
Innate Immunity
- Innate immunity, also known as natural or non-specific immunity, is present from fetal development and is not dependent on prior exposure to pathogens.
- It provides broad protection against various types of pathogens.
- It does not improve with repeated exposure.
- Four types of defensive barriers comprise innate immunity: anatomical/physical, physiological/chemical, phagocytic, and inflammatory. The figures and examples associated with each are explained.
- Various mechanisms are described and summarized in a table
Anatomical and Physical Barriers
- The skin's corneal layer, mucous membranes, cilia in the respiratory tract, hair in the nose, and the action of tears, saliva and urine are key components of the first lines of defense.
Physiological and Chemical Mediators
- These barriers include body temperature, low pH (stomach acid), lysozymes and interferons. Description of barriers further explained in subcategories.
Phagocytic (Cellular) Barriers
- Cells like neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, natural killer cells, and macrophages are vital for phagocytosis (ingesting and destroying pathogens) and eliminating foreign materials.
Inflammatory Barriers
- Inflammation is a common immune response to various stimuli including pathogens and injury.
- Inflammation response characterized by the cardinal signs – redness, swelling, heat, pain and loss of function.
- Mechanisms of inflammation involving vascular changes, and migration of leukocytes are described, such as, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and leukocyte migration.
- The processes of margination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis are crucial for initiating and carrying out this response.
- Cardinal signs of inflammation and advantages of inflammation presented.
- Factors affecting innate immunity are briefly addressed.
Summary of Innate Immunity
- A table summarizes the various types of innate immunity and their mechanisms.
Factors Affecting Innate Immunity
- Age, race, environmental conditions, nutrition, and genetic factors can affect the effectiveness of innate immunity.
Phagocytosis Process
- A step-by-step description of the phagocytosis process.
- Diagrams show the process.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Inflammation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the history of immunology and key milestones in vaccine development. Explore important figures and concepts that have shaped our understanding of immunity, from ancient practices to modern science. This quiz is ideal for pharmacy students looking to reinforce their learning in pharmaceutical microbiology.
