Pharmaceutical Microbiology: Immunology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a disadvantage of attenuated vaccines in developing countries?

  • They are more expensive to produce.
  • They cannot induce a strong immune response.
  • They must be refrigerated to maintain effectiveness. (correct)
  • They require multiple doses for effectiveness.

Why are inactivated vaccines considered safer than attenuated vaccines?

  • They do not require booster shots.
  • They cannot mutate to cause disease. (correct)
  • They produce a stronger immune response.
  • They are easier to store at lower temperatures.

What is the basis of toxoid vaccines?

  • They contain fragments of DNA from the pathogens.
  • They are made from inactivated bacterial toxins. (correct)
  • They consist of whole killed viruses.
  • Live pathogens are used to generate an immune response.

What is a key requirement for maintaining immunity from inactivated vaccines?

<p>Booster shots. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do second-generation vaccines have over traditional vaccines?

<p>They contain only fragments of the pathogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines would typically require booster shots?

<p>Inactivated vaccines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback associated with inactivated vaccines?

<p>They produce a weaker immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a reason combination vaccines are not always effective?

<p>They can lower the antibody response compared to individual vaccines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of attenuated vaccines compared to other types of vaccines?

<p>They replicate in the body, increasing the antigen dose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines is an example of an attenuated vaccine?

<p>MMR vaccine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with attenuated vaccines?

<p>They might mutate back to a virulent form. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should avoid receiving attenuated vaccines?

<p>Patients with compromised immune systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the immune system respond upon later exposure to the same antigen after vaccination?

<p>It produces a secondary antibody response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is often used to reduce the number of injections for immunization?

<p>Combining vaccines into a single-dose vaccine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of attenuated microorganisms used in vaccines?

<p>They replicate at low rates in the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes active immunity?

<p>It involves the production of antibodies by the immune system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the FDA-approved combination vaccine called that protects against multiple diseases for children?

<p>Proquad (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes naturally acquired active immunity?

<p>It can occur after suffering from a disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enables memory cells to produce antibodies during a secondary antibody response?

<p>They respond immediately upon subsequent exposure to the antigen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vaccines?

<p>To mimic a natural infection and trigger a primary antibody response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does artificially acquired active immunity differ from naturally acquired immunity?

<p>It is obtained through intentional exposure to antigens via vaccination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is described as less risky and easier to acquire?

<p>Artificially acquired active immunity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a characteristic of a vaccine?

<p>It can cause the disease it aims to prevent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of a primary antibody response triggered by vaccination?

<p>Activation of specific lymphocytes that persist for years. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason vaccinations do not need to reach 100% of the population?

<p>Most of the population can still achieve herd immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the herd immunity threshold percentage believed by microbiologists and epidemiologists?

<p>85% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population setting poses a higher risk for unvaccinated individuals catching diseases?

<p>Crowded urban environments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor affects the success of herd immunity apart from vaccination rates?

<p>The environment in which individuals live. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might some individuals remain susceptible to diseases even when most of the population is immunized?

<p>Their immune systems may not respond adequately to vaccines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long do maternal IgG antibodies typically remain in a child after birth?

<p>3 to 6 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant antibody found in colostrum?

<p>IgA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of artificially acquired passive immunity?

<p>To inject antibody-rich serum into the patient's circulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes serum with a higher-than-normal level of a particular antibody?

<p>Hyper-immune serum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of serum is used to treat an established disease?

<p>Therapeutic serum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is herd immunity primarily concerned with?

<p>The vulnerability of an unvaccinated population to disease epidemics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to a population with insufficient vaccination coverage?

<p>It can still suffer from disease outbreaks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of a subunit vaccine?

<p>It includes only those parts of the antigen that stimulate an immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gamma globulin primarily composed of?

<p>A mixture of antibodies from different donors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes conjugate vaccines?

<p>They attach polysaccharides to a protein to enhance immune response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does mRNA play in an mRNA vaccine?

<p>It instructs the body on making a specific viral protein. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does passive immunity differ from active immunity?

<p>Active immunity occurs when the body synthesizes its own antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is naturally acquired passive immunity?

<p>Antibodies transferred from mother to fetus via placenta. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common aspect of the adverse reactions to subunit vaccines?

<p>They are rare due to the limited components included. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines is an example of a conjugate vaccine?

<p>Hib vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae b. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the immune response in mRNA vaccines?

<p>The body recognizes a specific protein made from the mRNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Active Immunity

When your immune system creates antibodies to fight off a disease, either naturally due to infection or artificially through vaccination.

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

Developing immunity after getting a disease and recovering naturally.

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Developing immunity through vaccination, where exposure to a safe version of the disease causes your body to build defenses.

Vaccines

Immunizing agents that contain treated microorganisms, altered toxins, or parts of microorganisms, triggering a protective antibody response without causing the disease itself.

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Primary Antibody Response

The initial immune system reaction to an antigen, resulting in antibody production.

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Secondary Antibody Response

A faster and stronger immune reaction to a previously encountered antigen, due to memory cells.

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Memory cells

Immune cells that 'remember' a specific antigen, enabling a quicker and stronger response upon future exposure.

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Antigen

A substance that triggers an immune response.

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Attenuated Vaccine

A weakened version of a pathogen that can't cause serious disease but still triggers an immune response.

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How do attenuated vaccines work?

They contain weakened microbes that still multiply in the body, boosting the immune response. They provide longer-lasting immunity than some other vaccines.

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Examples of Attenuated Vaccines

Examples include the oral polio vaccine, measles, mumps, and chickenpox vaccines.

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Benefits of Attenuated Vaccines

They often provide long-lasting immunity and can spread to other people, providing herd immunity.

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Downsides of Attenuated Vaccines

There is a small chance the weakened pathogen might revert to its original form, causing disease. They may not be suitable for everyone.

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Who should avoid attenuated vaccines?

People with compromised immune systems, like those with AIDS, may be at risk from attenuated vaccines.

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Combination Vaccines

Vaccines that combine multiple antigens to protect against multiple diseases in a single dose.

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Why are combination vaccines useful?

They reduce the number of injections needed, making vaccination more convenient.

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Inactivated Vaccines

Vaccines containing killed pathogens that are unable to replicate. These vaccines induce a weaker immune response, require booster shots, but are safer and can be stored at room temperature, making them suitable for developing countries.

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Toxoid Vaccines

Vaccines based on inactivated toxins produced by bacteria. These toxins are treated with chemicals like formalin to make them safe. They induce production of antibodies and memory cells to neutralize the toxin if encountered again.

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Booster Shots

Additional doses of vaccine given after the initial immunization to boost the immune response, ensuring long-term protection against the disease.

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Subunit Vaccines

Second-generation vaccines containing only specific fragments of the pathogen, like proteins or sugars. These vaccines are safer and minimize the risk of adverse reactions, but may offer limited protection compared to whole-pathogen vaccines.

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Conjugate Vaccines

Second-generation vaccines combining a weak antigen with a carrier protein to stimulate a stronger immune response. This enhances protection against diseases caused by bacteria with capsules that make them difficult to target.

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Cytotoxic T-cell Response

An immune response involving T-cells that directly kill infected cells. Certain vaccines, like subunit and conjugate vaccines, do not induce this type of response.

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Why are inactivated vaccines favored in developing nations?

Inactivated vaccines are preferred in developing nations due to their ability to be stored at room temperature, eliminating the need for refrigeration facilities that may be lacking in these regions.

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Epitope

A specific part of an antigen that the immune system recognizes and targets.

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Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib)

A bacteria that causes meningitis in children, usually prevented by a conjugate vaccine.

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RNA Vaccine

A vaccine that uses mRNA to teach the body how to make a specific protein from a virus, triggering an immune response.

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Maternal Antibodies

Antibodies passed from mother to child during pregnancy and breastfeeding, providing temporary immunity.

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Colostrum

The first milk produced by a nursing mother, rich in antibodies and nutrients.

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Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

Immunity gained through injection of antibodies, providing immediate protection.

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Antiserum

Serum containing antibodies, used to treat or prevent infection.

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Hyperimmune Serum

Serum with a higher-than-normal concentration of a specific antibody.

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Gamma Globulin

A blood serum fraction rich in antibodies, often used for passive immunity.

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Herd Immunity

Protection of a population from disease when a large percentage is immunized.

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Vulnerability to Epidemics

A population without sufficient immunity is at risk of widespread disease outbreaks.

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Herd Immunity Threshold

The percentage of a population that needs to be immune to a disease to effectively stop its spread (usually around 85%).

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Factors Affecting Herd Immunity

Factors like the environment (crowded vs. rural) and individual immune system strength (compromised vs. healthy) can influence the effectiveness of herd immunity.

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How Does Herd Immunity Protect the Unvaccinated?

By reducing the chances of an unvaccinated person encountering an infected individual, herd immunity effectively protects those who are not immune.

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Why is 100% Vaccination Not Necessary?

Herd immunity makes achieving 100% vaccination unnecessary for effectively preventing a disease's spread, as long as the threshold is met.

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Study Notes

Pharmaceutical Microbiology: Immunology

  • Active immunity: Antigen exposure triggers the immune system to produce antibodies and specific lymphocytes. This exposure can be unintentional (catching a disease) or intentional (vaccines).

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

  • Before widespread vaccines, this was the only way to become immune. This involved getting a disease and recovering.

  • Subclinical diseases can also induce immunity - these diseases don't cause noticeable symptoms and still stimulate immunity.

  • Memory cells are critical in secondary antibody response, enabling rapid and robust immunity upon repeated exposure. 

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

  • This route is less risky than getting a disease. 

  • Exposure to antigens occurs through vaccination (inactivated or toxoid vaccines). These inactivated agents don't cause disease.

Vaccines

  • Composed of treated microorganisms (chemicals, altered toxins, or parts of microorganisms).

  • Mimic a "natural" infection.

  • Trigger a primary immune response using the immune system's ability to recognize antigens and create antibodies and lymphocytes.

Attenuated Vaccines

  • Microbes are weakened in a lab to prevent disease.

  • Still capable of growth/replication at reduced rates; these microbes don't trigger full-blown disease.

  • Generate a strong immune response similar to a natural infection as they replicate, increasing the dose of antigen to which the immune system will respond.

  • Offer lifelong immunity. 

  • Can spread to immunize others (reimmunization).

Inactivated Vaccines

  • Pathogens are killed using chemicals, heat, or radiation.

  • Weaken the immune response compared to live attenuated vaccines.

  • Inactivated vaccines, often require boosters, and can be stored at room temperature for easy access in regions without extensive cold storage facilities.

Toxoid Vaccines

  • Used in bacterial diseases (diphtheria, tetanus).

  • Inactivate bacterial toxins, not the bacteria themselves. This is done with formalin.

  • Induce immunity to these toxins.

  • Booster shots are typically needed. 

Second-Generation Vaccines

  • Designed to minimize vaccination risks. These contain only fragments of viruses or bacteria
  • Subunit vaccines
  • Conjugate vaccines

Subunit Vaccines

  • Contain specific parts (epitopes) of the antigen, stimulating a strong immune response.

  • Example: pneumococcal pneumonia, containing polysaccharides. 

Conjugate Vaccines

  • Combine a polysaccharide component to a carrier protein. The carrier helps the immune system recognize and respond to the polysaccharide.

  • Enhanced immune response compared to polysaccharides alone.

  • Examples include Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine.

mRNA Vaccines

  • Deliver RNA to produce specific viral proteins.

  • Triggers an immune response without causing the disease.

  • Vaccines like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines are mRNA-based.

Passive Immunity

  • Antibodies are given from an outside source.

  • Contrast with active immunity, where the body produces antibodies on its own.

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

  • Antibodies transferred from mother to fetus (placenta, breast milk).

  • Provides short-term protection to the newborn.

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

  • Antibodies injected.

  • Provides rapid, short-term protection against diseases like poisonous bites. 

Serum Rendered Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

  • Different terms for the antibodies: antiserum, hyper-immune serum, prophylactic serum, therapeutic serum, and convalescent serum.

Herd Immunity

  • When a large portion of a population is immune to a disease, it protects the susceptible portion from infection.

  • Crucial for disease control.

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Description

Test your knowledge on active immunity, vaccine types, and how the immune system responds to antigens. This quiz covers both naturally and artificially acquired active immunity, as well as the importance of memory cells and vaccines in immunity.

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