Questions and Answers
What is the structure of simple, branched acinar glands?
They are most connected to hair follicles.
Sebum helps keep hair from drying out.
True
Where are sebaceous glands absent?
What is the visible part of the nail called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the part of the nail that may extend past the distal end of the digit?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the nail matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
________ is a chronic skin disorder where skin cells divide more quickly than normal.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of psoriasis is typically caused by a bacterial infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Psoriasis can be cured.
Signup and view all the answers
What is albinism?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes acne?
Signup and view all the answers
Cradle cap is also referred to as __________.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three key pigments that impart color to the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
Jaundice indicates liver disease.
Signup and view all the answers
What does erythema refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What can pallor or blanching signify?
Signup and view all the answers
What signifies black and blue marks or bruises?
Signup and view all the answers
What is tattooing?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two types of skin based on structure and function?
Signup and view all the answers
Hair grows at approximately 1 cm per month.
Signup and view all the answers
____ is a type of abnormal hair growth characterized by excessive, abnormal hairiness.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the hair types with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which sweat glands are modified and produce waxy secretion?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the integumentary system composed of?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following are functions of the skin? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
The epidermis is the deeper layer of the skin.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the major circulating form of vitamin D?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'dermatology' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of dendritic cells in the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following skin layers with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
Which layer contains sebaceous glands?
Signup and view all the answers
The skin's ability to absorb __________ substances is significant.
Signup and view all the answers
What is keratinization?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following cells constitutes 90% of epidermal cells?
Signup and view all the answers
The stratum corneum is the deepest layer of the epidermis.
Signup and view all the answers
What role do melanocytes play in the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
The epidermal layer that consists of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes is the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Which epidermal layer is only present in thick skin?
Signup and view all the answers
What do Langerhans cells do?
Signup and view all the answers
The dermis is thinner than the epidermis.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the papillary region of the dermis?
Signup and view all the answers
Freckles are an accumulation of ______ in patches.
Signup and view all the answers
What virus causes shingles?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the hypodermis consist of?
Signup and view all the answers
Carotene is a precursor of vitamin C.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the common name for verruca vulgaris?
Signup and view all the answers
What phenomenon is caused by increased melanin production due to UV light exposure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a macule?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure separates muscle from the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is characterized by the highly contagious skin disease in children caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
Signup and view all the answers
Blisters can form from mechanical origin due to friction.
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of burn destroys the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What are pressure ulcers also known as?
Signup and view all the answers
A lesion refers to a ______ loss of normal tissue continuity, structure, or function.
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common treatment for reducing fine wrinkles and blemishes on the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the skin conditions with their definitions:
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Integumentary System Overview
- The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures, including hair, nails, and various glands, muscles, and nerves.
- Dermatology is the medical specialty focusing on the structure, function, and disorders of the integumentary system.
Functions of the Skin
- Thermoregulation: Regulates body temperature through sweat production and blood vessel dilation.
- Blood Reservoir: The dermis contains 8–10% of total blood volume in a resting adult.
- Protection: Skin protects underlying tissues from microbes, chemicals, and UV light through mechanisms like keratinization and sebum production.
- Cutaneous Sensations: Contains sensory nerve endings for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
- Excretion and Absorption: Excretes small amounts of water, salts, and organic waste; absorbs lipid-soluble substances (e.g., vitamins A, D, E, K).
- Synthesis of Vitamin D: UV light activates precursors in the skin for vitamin D synthesis, which aids calcium absorption.
Skin Structure
- Epidermis: The outermost layer, composed mainly of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
- Dermis: Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and sensory receptors.
- Hypodermis: Composed of adipose and connective tissues that support the skin and assist in thermoregulation.
Epidermal Layers
- Stratum Corneum: Outermost layer, consisting of dead keratinized cells.
- Stratum Lucidum: Present in thicker skin, providing an extra protective layer.
- Stratum Granulosum: Contains keratinocytes that begin to flatten and undergo keratinization.
- Stratum Spinosum: Characterized by thorn-like keratinocytes, offers strength and flexibility.
- Stratum Basale: Deepest layer where cell division occurs, producing new keratinocytes.
Major Cell Types in Epidermis
- Keratinocytes: Predominant cell type (90%), responsible for producing keratin.
- Melanocytes: Contribute to skin color and provide protection against UV radiation by producing melanin.
Skin Color Indicators
- Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration due to lack of oxygen.
- Jaundice: Yellow tint indicating liver issues.
- Erythema: Redness from increased blood flow.
- Pallor: Lightening of skin due to reduced blood flow.
Skin Disorders Overview
- Psoriasis: Chronic condition leading to rapid skin cell production.
- Vitiligo: Loss of skin color in patches due to melanocyte destruction.
- Aging: Skin undergoes changes reducing elasticity and increasing vulnerability.
Hair and Nails
- Hair types include terminal, vellus, and lanugo.
- Hair serves various functions including warmth and protection.
- Nails protect distal phalanx and enhance fine touch perception.
Skin Healing Processes
- Epidermal Wound Healing: Involves cell migration and proliferation at the wound site.
- Deep Wound Healing: Four phases—inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, and maturation, which restore the skin's integrity.
Glands in Skin
- Sebaceous Glands: Produce sebum to lubricate skin and hair.
- Sweat Glands: Eccrine glands regulate body temperature through sweat; apocrine glands mainly contribute to body odor.
Skin Development and Changes
- Skin undergoes changes throughout life, including growth patterns, thickness, and color alterations linked to aging and environmental factors.
Important Concepts
- Acidic pH of Sweat: Helps inhibit microbial growth on the skin.
- Importance of Vitamin D: Essential for calcium absorption and immune system functionality.
These notes summarize the key facts and context about the integumentary system, its functions, structure, and related conditions.### Epidermis Composition
- Composed of keratinocytes and melanocytes.
- Keratinocytes joined tightly through tonofilament bundles and desmosomes.
Langerhans Cells
- Dendritic cells from red bone marrow in epidermis, making up a small fraction.
- Involved in immune responses against skin-invading microbes.
- Sensitive to UV damage, aiding immune recognition and destruction of pathogens.
Merkel Cells
- Least common epidermal cell type.
- Located in the deepest epidermal layer, associated with sensory neurons for touch detection.
Stratum Granulosum
- Composed of 3 to 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis.
- Contains keratohyalin granules that convert tonofilaments into keratin.
- Lamellar granules release lipid-rich secretions that help form the skin barrier.
Stratum Lucidum
- A clear layer present only in thick skin (e.g., palms, soles).
- Consists of 3 to 5 layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes providing toughness.
Stratum Corneum
- Composed of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes.
- Constantly shed and replaced, protecting deeper skin layers from injury and infection.
- Thickening leads to callus formation under friction.
Dermis Structure
- Thicker than the epidermis, containing connective tissue, collagen, and elastic fibers.
- Composed of papillary and reticular regions.
Papillary Region
- Superficial dermis part, comprises areolar connective tissue.
- Increased surface area due to dermal papillae containing blood vessels and tactile receptors.
Epidermal Ridges
- Formed during fetal development, following the contours of dermal papillae.
- Increase grip and contribute to unique fingerprints.
Reticular Region
- Deepest dermal layer made of dense irregular connective tissue.
- Provides skin strength, extensibility, and elasticity through collagen and elastic fibers.
- Stretch marks form from collagen fiber disruption.
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Tissue)
- Separates muscle from skin, storing fat and containing large blood vessels.
- Composed of areolar and adipose tissues.
Skin Pigments
- Melanin: Determines skin color from yellow to black; synthesized in melanocytes from tyrosine.
- Carotene: A precursor to vitamin A, found in the stratum corneum; excessive intake can turn skin orange.
- Hemoglobin: Oxygen-carrying pigment influencing skin color based on blood oxygen levels.
Skin Color Indicators
- Cyanosis: Bluish skin due to poorly oxygenated blood.
- Jaundice: Yellowish skin indicating liver disease.
- Erythema: Redness from capillary engorgement due to injury or inflammation.
- Pallor: Pale skin resulting from decreased blood flow or stress.
Hair Characteristics
- Hairs (pili) are keratinized growths from the epidermis, present except on palms and soles.
- Genetic and hormonal influences determine hair thickness and distribution.
- Provides protection, decreases heat loss, and has sensory roles.
Tattooing and Body Piercing
- Tattooing involves inserting pigment into dermis macrophages, permanently coloring the skin.
- Body piercing involves jewelry insertion through skin, taking time to heal and can disrupt medical procedures.
Skin Administration
- Skin serves as a route for drug administration through topical and various types of injections (intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intradermal).### Hair Anatomy and Physiology
- Arrector Pili: A smooth muscle extending from the dermis to hair follicles; responsible for "goosebumps."
- Hair Root Plexus: Dendrites around hair follicles that generate nerve impulses when hair movement occurs.
- Sebaceous Glands: Produce natural oil for hair; affects hair texture, can lead to dry or greasy hair.
Hair Chemistry
- Keratin: Soft, tough protein originating from hair follicles, hardening as it forms the hair shaft.
- Melanin: Determines hair color, produced genetically; types include eumelanin (dark) and phaeomelanin (light).
- Gray and White Hair: Gray hair has fewer melanin granules; white hair results from the absence of melanin.
Structure of Hair
-
Three Layers:
- Cuticle: Outer protective layer of thin, scale-like cells, highly keratinized.
- Cortex: Provides strength and elasticity; constitutes 75-80% of hair’s structure and contains pigments.
- Medulla: Central axis with soft keratinized cells; air pockets enhance elasticity.
Hair Follicle and Growth
- Hair Follicle: Surrounds the hair root; consists of external and internal root sheaths.
- Hair Bulb and Papilla: The bulb is at the follicle base, housing the papilla responsible for nutrient supply.
- Growth Rate: Hair grows approximately 1 cm per month; normal loss is around 100 hairs per day.
Hair Types and Ethnic Differences
- Lanugo Hairs: Soft, fine hair on fetuses, shed before birth.
- Vellus Hairs: Short, lightly pigmented hairs, present in most body areas.
- Terminal Hairs: Long, pigmented hairs on the head and body; have oil glands.
-
Ethnicity-Related Hair Types:
- Asian: Straight, black hair; resistant to damage.
- Caucasian: Varying textures and colors.
- African: Tightly curled; prone to damage from heat.
Hair Growth Phases
- Anagen Phase: Active growth phase; cells divide, and permanent hair removal is possible.
- Catagen Phase: Transition phase; hair follicles shrink and prepare for the resting stage.
- Telogen Phase: Resting phase; hair separates from the follicle as it gets ready to shed.
Hair Disorders
- Hirsutism and Hypertrichosis: Excessive hair growth, either localized or generalized.
- Alopecia: Significant hair loss; men typically lose hair in specific patterns, while women maintain a more stable hairline.
Skin Glands
- Sebaceous Glands: Produce sebum, preventing hair and skin from drying; not present in palms and soles.
- Sudoriferous Glands: Two types – eccrine (body temperature regulation) and apocrine (associated with hair follicles).
Nail Anatomy
- Nail Body: Visible part of the nail, appears pink due to blood flow.
- Free Edge: Extends beyond the fingertip; white appearance due to lack of capillaries.
- Nail Matrix: Area of growth located beneath the nail root.
Nail Growth and Health
- Growth Rate: Fingernails grow about 1 mm per week; growth can be influenced by health, age, and season.
- Nail Thickness: Secured by the hyponychium; the cuticle protects the nail matrix.
Skin Disorders
- Psoriasis: Chronic condition where skin cells proliferate more rapidly, resulting in itchy, scaly patches.
-
Types of Psoriasis:
- Guttate: Drop-shaped patches, often following strep infection.
- Plaque: Common form with raised skin patches, seen on the elbows and back.
- Inverse: Occurs in skin folds; more prone to inflammation.
- Management: Includes topical treatments and phototherapy to suppress cell division and manage symptoms.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the integumentary system as part of the Human Anatomy and Physiology for Pharmacy course. This quiz will cover topics like hair types and hair growth, essential for understanding skin and hair biology. Ideal for pharmacy students in Week 4 of their studies.
