Perceptual Biases in Personality Psychology

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following personality traits is associated with high job performance according to meta-analyses?

Openness to Experience

Extraversion

Conscientiousness (correct)

Neuroticism

What behavior is defined as helping subordinates achieve goal attainment?

Work Facilitation (correct)

Personal Adjustment

Performance

Conformance

How does person-job fit impact job performance?

Leads to higher job performance (correct)

Increases job dissatisfaction

Has no significant effect

Decreases requirement for skills

Which personality type is classified as a 'doer' according to Holland's Occupational Types?

Realistic Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Agreeableness' trait in the Big Five model refer to?

Warmth and kindness towards others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs cognitive styles in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?

Thinking (T) - Feeling (F) Signup and view all the answers

What component is NOT related to dependability?

Emotional health and well-being Signup and view all the answers

Which personality type in Holland's categories primarily involves helping others?

Social Signup and view all the answers

What does Fundamental Attribution Error describe?

Attributing another person's behavior solely to personal characteristics Signup and view all the answers

Which bias reflects the tendency to perceive someone more positively based on similarity?

Similar to Me Effect Signup and view all the answers

How does Self-Serving Bias typically manifest in behavior attribution?

Attributing successes to oneself and failures to external factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept of Selective Perception?

Limiting perception based on unique experiences Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the Contrast Effect influence perception?

By contrasting current perceptions with previous influences Signup and view all the answers

What does the Halo/Horn Effect involve?

Making subjective evaluations based on overall positive or negative impressions Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the tendency for someone to behave in a way that aligns with others' perceptions of them?

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Signup and view all the answers

In the context of supervisor-subordinate relationships, what does Support involve?

Creating an environment that boosts a subordinate's self-worth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes terminal values?

Convictions about what one would like to achieve in life. Signup and view all the answers

How do Hofstede's dimensions of national values categorize power distance?

High power distance indicates high acceptance of inequality. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'instrumental values' refer to?

Beliefs about how one should act in life. Signup and view all the answers

What do citizens in a low uncertainty avoidance culture typically exhibit?

Comfort with ambiguity and uncertainty. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main components of motivation as defined in the content?

Direction, intensity, and persistence Signup and view all the answers

Which theory asserts that people are motivated by the prospect of achieving goals?

Goal setting theory Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Hofstede's dimensions, what does 'collectivism' imply?

Prioritization of group interests over individual interests. Signup and view all the answers

Positive affectivity refers to:

The likelihood of feeling pleasant emotions. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes affect?

Affect encompasses feelings, emotions, and moods. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five needs in the Hierarchy of Needs Theory?

Autonomy needs Signup and view all the answers

What would a society with high masculinity values generally support?

More traditional male-female roles. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of operant conditioning is associated with increasing a behavior through a positive stimulus?

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Short-term orientation in a culture indicates

A preference for immediate results and short-term gains. Signup and view all the answers

What is emotional contagion?

The ability to feel the same emotion as another person. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between surface acting and deep acting?

Surface acting involves changing display emotions, while deep acting alters felt emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by a display rule?

The required emotional display in a job. Signup and view all the answers

Excessive emotional labor is likely to result in what consequence?

Emotional burnout. Signup and view all the answers

What does emotional intelligence involve?

Perceiving, understanding, and regulating one's emotions and those of others. Signup and view all the answers

In the Job Characteristics Model, which component relates to feeling personally accountable for work outcomes?

Experienced responsibility Signup and view all the answers

What is the affective events theory primarily concerned with?

The experience of daily uplifts at work impacting emotions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'felt emotion'?

The emotion one actually feels internally. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Self-Serving Bias primarily involve when analyzing one's behavior?

Attributing success to oneself while blaming external factors for failure. Signup and view all the answers

How does the First Impression Error affect later assessments of a person?

Initial judgments can skew future evaluations, positively or negatively. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the Halo/Horn Effect have on perceptions of individuals?

Positive traits overshadow negative traits or vice versa. Signup and view all the answers

The Similar to Me Effect is primarily influenced by what factor?

Shared experiences or background between individuals. Signup and view all the answers

In the Job Characteristics Model, what does 'experienced meaningfulness of the work' indicate?

The perceived value and worth of the job to the individual Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic outcome of Fundamental Attribution Error in judging others' behaviors?

Focusing on internal characteristics over external influences. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does Selective Perception limit an individual's understanding?

It creates bias by filtering information based on personal experiences and background. Signup and view all the answers

Which bias results from the tendency to judge others based on the behavior of people previously encountered?

Contrast Effect Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of motivation refers to the duration of effort a person exerts toward achieving a goal?

Persistence Signup and view all the answers

Which Perceptual Bias involves interpreting a person’s behavior in line with one's perceptions, potentially leading to a self-fulfilling outcome?

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Signup and view all the answers

Which category in Holland's Occupational Types does 'persuader' belong to?

Enterprising Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept behind Goal Setting Theory regarding achievement?

Setting specific goals helps gain clarity on work efforts. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components does NOT belong to the Four Types of Operant Conditioning?

Consistent feedback Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT a component of personality definition?

Physical appearance Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of higher conscientiousness in the workplace?

Higher job performance Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes that people are motivated by their inputs and expected outcomes?

Equity Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which personality trait is associated with emotional stability?

Neuroticism Signup and view all the answers

Which component does NOT play a role in defining dependability in subordinates?

Emotional well-being Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of a high person-job fit?

Greater job performance and citizenship behavior Signup and view all the answers

In Rokeach's theory, what do terminal values specifically represent?

End-states of existence Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Big Five, what does 'openness to experience' generally involve?

Interest in new ideas and experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between values and emotional responses?

Compromised values can lead to emotional distress. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the 'conventional' personality type?

Organizing and managing tasks Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'instrumental values' refer to in the context of Rokeach's theory?

Means of achieving desired ends Signup and view all the answers

What does 'general satisfactoriness' assess in a subordinate?

Overall global measure of performance Signup and view all the answers

Which Myers-Briggs dichotomy focuses on decision-making preferences?

Thinking vs. Feeling Signup and view all the answers

In Hofstede's dimensions, a culture characterized by high collectivism would likely emphasize which of the following?

Community well-being and group harmony Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the affective state known as affect?

Feelings that combine emotions and moods Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'display rule' refer to in a professional setting?

The required emotions a person must show in a job. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines positive affectivity?

The degree to which a person experiences pleasant emotions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the six dimensions categorized by Hofstede's theory?

Emotion Regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension in Hofstede's theory refers to the extent citizens accept unequal distributions of power?

Power Distance Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of a high score in the femininity-masculinity dimension in Hofstede's theory?

Acceptance of traditional male-female roles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between surface acting and deep acting?

Surface acting modifies displayed emotions, whereas deep acting alters the felt emotions to align with expectations. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a component of emotional intelligence?

Emotional Contagion Signup and view all the answers

How does excessive emotional labor primarily affect individuals in the workplace?

It results in burnout and extreme stress. Signup and view all the answers

What is emotional contagion most related to?

The experience of emotions at work through indirect exposure. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes emotions from moods in the context of affect?

Emotions are specific and often short-lived responses Signup and view all the answers

Within Hofstede's dimensions, the degree to which a society engages in long-term planning versus short-term results is categorized as which dimension?

Long-Term Orientation Signup and view all the answers

What effect does deep acting have on felt emotions?

It can change one's actual emotional state. Signup and view all the answers

The concept of 'daily uplifts' is associated with which theory?

Affective Events Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of emotional intelligence involves managing one's own emotions?

Regulation Signup and view all the answers

What does emotional labor require from employees?

Hiding genuine emotions in favor of job requirements. Signup and view all the answers

What perception bias leads individuals to attribute their failures to external factors instead of self-factors?

Self-Serving Bias Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves a person's initial perception of someone affecting their subsequent judgments about that person?

First Impression Error Signup and view all the answers

How does the Contrast Effect influence an individual's perception during evaluations?

By making candidates appear more qualified than they are Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Similar to Me Effect?

Evaluating others more favorably based on perceived similarities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy bias in a workplace setting?

Behavior that aligns with others' perceptions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between surface acting and deep acting in emotional labor?

Surface acting requires effort to mask felt emotions, while deep acting involves genuinely altering those emotions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes emotional intelligence?

The capacity to understand and manage both one's own emotions and the emotions of others. Signup and view all the answers

In Affective Events Theory, what is meant by 'daily uplifts'?

Minor positive occurrences that enhance mood and emotional state. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a display rule in the context of emotional labor?

The organizational guidelines regarding acceptable emotional expressions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of excessive emotional labor?

Burnout, which is a severe form of stress. Signup and view all the answers

How is the concept of personality defined?

Characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct effect of higher conscientiousness in the workplace?

Higher job performance among employees. Signup and view all the answers

Which category in Holland's Occupational Types is a thinker associated with?

Investigative Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of person-job fit on workplace behavior?

Better fit enhances job performance and reduces withdrawal behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Big Five personality trait of neuroticism indicate?

Tendency toward emotional instability and anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the agreeableness trait in the Big Five model?

Tendency to be compassionate and cooperative. Signup and view all the answers

Which Myers-Briggs dichotomy describes preference for structured planning versus flexibility?

Judging versus Perceiving Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a terminal value?

Having a comfortable life Signup and view all the answers

In Hofstede's dimensions, high power distance reflects which of the following?

Acceptance of inequalities in power distribution Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension of Hofstede's theory deals with the extent to which individuals prioritize short-term versus long-term goals?

Short-Term-Orientation Long-Term-Orientation Signup and view all the answers

What do instrumental values primarily reflect?

How individuals should behave Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of a high-indulgence culture?

Encouragement to enjoy life and have fun Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of affect is primarily concerned with feelings that are more enduring and less intense than emotions?

Moods Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the acceptance of traditional gender roles within a high masculinity culture?

Strong gender delineation Signup and view all the answers

In Rokeach's theory, what do terminal values represent?

End-states of existence Signup and view all the answers

Which category of values reflects how individuals believe they must behave to achieve their desired end-states?

Instrumental values Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of low uncertainty avoidance cultures?

Comfort with ambiguity and change Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Personality Traits and Job Performance

Conscientiousness is a personality trait associated with high job performance.

Helping Behavior

Supportive behavior is defined as actions taken to aid subordinates in achieving their goals.

Person-Job Fit and Performance

Person-job fit refers to the compatibility between an individual's traits and the demands of a job.
A strong person-job fit generally leads to higher job performance, job satisfaction, and reduced turnover.

Holland's Occupational Types

Realistic personality type is characterized as a 'doer' in Holland's Occupational Types.

Big Five Model

The Big Five model of personality includes Agreeableness, which refers to traits like cooperation, trust, and empathy.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Thinking vs. Feeling is a cognitive style pairing in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

Dependability

Emotional stability is not a component of dependability.

The Social personality type, according to Holland's categories, primarily focuses on helping others.

Fundamental Attribution Error

Fundamental Attribution Error describes the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors and underestimate external factors when explaining someone's behavior.

Perceptual Bias

Similarity Effect reflects the tendency to view someone more favorably based on shared characteristics.
Self-Serving Bias often manifests in blaming external factors for failures while attributing success to internal factors.
Selective Perception involves focusing on information that aligns with pre-existing beliefs and disregarding contradictory evidence.
Contrast Effect influences perception by comparing a person to others recently encountered, leading to a distorted judgment.
Halo/Horn Effect occurs when a single positive or negative trait influences the perception of other traits, leading to a biased evaluation.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy occurs when someone behaves in a way that aligns with others' expectations of them.

Supervisor-Subordinate Relationship

Support in a supervisor-subordinate relationship refers to the provision of assistance, resources, and encouragement by the supervisor.

Values

Terminal values represent desired end states, such as happiness, security, and freedom.
Hofstede's power distance dimension categorizes societies based on how equally power is distributed among citizens.
Instrumental values represent desired behaviors or modes of conduct, such as honesty, responsibility, and ambition.
Individuals in low uncertainty avoidance cultures are generally more adaptable to change and ambiguity.

Motivation

Motivation has three main components: direction (choosing what to pursue), intensity (effort applied), and persistence (continued effort).
Goal Setting Theory states that people are motivated by the prospect of attaining specific, challenging goals.
Collectivism in Hofstede's dimensions implies that people prioritize the needs of the group over individual needs.

Affect

Positive affectivity refers to a tendency to experience positive emotions and engage in optimistic thinking.
Affect encompasses a broad range of feelings, including emotions, moods, and attitudes.

Cultural Values

Societies with high masculinity values generally place a high emphasis on achievement, assertiveness, and competition.

Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Safety needs are not part of the five needs in the Hierarchy of Needs Theory.

Operant Conditioning

Positive reinforcement is the type of operant conditioning associated with increasing a behavior through positive stimuli.

Short-Term Orientation

Short-term orientation in a culture indicates a focus on immediate gratification and traditions over long-term planning and future-oriented goals.

Emotional Contagion

Emotional contagion refers to the spread of emotions from one person to another.

Emotional Labor

Surface acting involves pretending to feel a certain emotion, while deep acting involves attempting to actually feel the desired emotion.
Display rules are informal guidelines within a culture that determine appropriate emotional expression in various situations.
Excessive emotional labor may lead to burnout, emotional exhaustion, and stress.

Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence involves understanding, managing, and utilizing emotions effectively.

Job Characteristics Model

Autonomy in the Job Characteristics Model refers to feeling personally accountable for work outcomes.

Affective Events Theory

Affective Events Theory primarily focuses on how workplace events trigger emotional reactions that affect job satisfaction, behavior, and performance.

Felt Emotion

Felt emotion refers to the actual experience of an emotion, as opposed to a displayed emotion.

### Perceptual Bias

Self-Serving Bias primarily involves attributing success to internal factors and failures to external factors when analyzing one's behavior.
First Impression Error influences later assessments of a person based on the initial impression, leading to a distorted evaluation.
Halo/Horn Effect influences perceptions of individuals based on a single feature, leading to a biased assessment of other aspects.

Job Characteristics Model - Experienced Meaningfulness

Experienced meaningfulness of the work refers to the feeling that the work is valuable and contributes to something larger than oneself.

### Similar to Me Effect

Similar to Me Effect is primarily influenced by the degree of perceived similarity between individuals.

Perceptual Bias - Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy is a type of perceptual bias where a person's behavior is influenced by expectations, leading to a self-fulfilling outcome.

### Holland's Occupational Types - Persuader

Enterprising is the category in Holland's Occupational Types where 'persuader' belongs.

Goal Setting Theory

Goal Setting Theory emphasizes the importance of specific, challenging, and attainable goals in motivating individuals towards achievement.