AP Psychology Perceptual Process Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the perceptual process?

The process of selecting, organizing and interpreting data from our senses.

What is bottom up processing?

  • Recognition of an object (correct)
  • Feature analysis (correct)
  • Faster than top down
  • More accurate than top down (correct)

    • What describes top down processing?

  • Slower and less accurate
  • Filling in gaps in sensing (correct)
  • Relies on prior experience (correct)
  • Breaks down components

    • What is constructive perception?

    <p>Creating perceptual constructs out of pieces or elements with higher cognitive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is direct perception?

    <p>Sensations and sensory context are all we need for perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does adaptation refer to in perceptual processes?

    <p>Unconscious temporary change in response to environmental stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is habituation?

    <p>Becoming accustomed to a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dishabituation mean?

    <p>A change in stimulus causes us to notice it again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is selective attention?

    <p>Focusing on certain stimuli in the environment while excluding others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cocktail party effect?

    <p>The ability to attend to only one voice among many.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is change blindness?

    <p>Failing to notice changes in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do filter theories propose?

    <p>Stimuli must pass through some form of screen or filter to enter into attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is attentional resource theory?

    <p>People have a set amount of attention that they can allocate according to task requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is divided attention?

    <p>The ability to distribute one's attention and simultaneously engage in two or more activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an illusion?

    <p>A false idea; something that one seems to see or to be aware of that really does not exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is visual capture?

    <p>The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gestalt psychology?

    <p>The principle in which we organize perceptions into wholes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the figure-ground relationship?

    <p>Organization of what part of the image is the figure or focus and what part is the surrounding or background.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does proximity refer to in perception?

    <p>The tendency to see objects near each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does similarity refer to in perception?

    <p>Grouping similar figures together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does symmetry refer to in perception?

    <p>Grouping forms that make up mirror images of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does continuity refer to in perception?

    <p>We perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does closure refer to in perception?

    <p>Filling in gaps to create whole objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does connectedness refer to in perception?

    <p>Uniform/linked spots, lines, areas = single unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the law of Pragnanz?

    <p>We tend to see objects in their simplest forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is visual perception?

    <p>We perceive depth, size, shape, and motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the visual cliff?

    <p>A lab device that tests depth perception in infants and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is depth perception?

    <p>E.J. Gibson.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are binocular cues?

    <p>Depth cues that depend on 2 eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is retinal/binocular disparity?

    <p>Difference between two different retinal images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is convergence?

    <p>Extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Perceptual Process

    • Involves selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data.
    • Essential for understanding how we perceive the world around us.

    Processing Types

    • Bottom-up processing

      • Recognition through feature analysis; involves breaking objects into components for accurate perception.
      • Takes longer than top-down processing but offers greater accuracy.

    • Top-down processing

      • Involves using prior knowledge to fill gaps in sensory information.
      • Faster but may lead to inaccuracies.

    Perception Theories

    • Constructive perception

      • Involves higher cognitive functions to create perceptual constructs from sensory elements.

    • Direct perception

      • States that perception can occur from immediate sensations and context alone, with no need for prior learning.

    Adaptation and Habituation

    • Adaptation

      • Unconscious, temporary adjustment to environmental stimuli.

    • Habituation

      • Gradual decrease in response to a repeated stimulus.

    • Dishabituation

      • Resuming notice of a stimulus following a change in it.

    Attention Mechanisms

    • Selective attention

      • Focused awareness on certain environmental stimuli while ignoring others.

    • Cocktail party effect

      • Ability to focus on a single conversation while disregarding surrounding noise.

    • Change blindness

      • Failure to notice significant changes in the environment.

    • Filter theories

      • Suggest that stimuli must pass through a filter before reaching attention.

    • Attentional resource theory

      • Indicates that individuals have finite attention resources which can be allocated based on task demands.

    • Divided attention

      • Ability to engage in multiple activities simultaneously.

    Illusions and Visual Perception

    • Illusion

      • A false perception of reality; something perceived that does not exist.

    • Visual capture

      • The dominance of visual information over other sensory inputs.

    Gestalt Principles

    • Gestalt psychology

      • Emphasizes organizing perceptions into coherent wholes.

    • Figure-ground relationship

      • Distinguishing the main focus (figure) from the background (ground).

    • Proximity

      • Tendency to group nearby items together.

    • Similarity

      • Grouping similar visual elements.

    • Symmetry

      • Tendency to see objects that mirror each other as a single unit.

    • Continuity

      • Perception of smooth, continuous patterns over abrupt changes.

    • Closure

      • Filling in gaps to perceive complete shapes or figures.

    • Connectedness

      • Perceiving linked spots, lines, or areas as a unified entity.

    • Law of Pragnanz

      • Preference for seeing objects in their simplest form.

    Visual Characteristics and Depth Perception

    • Visual perception

      • Ability to perceive depth, size, shape, and motion.

    • Visual cliff

      • Experimental apparatus used to study depth perception in infants and animals.

    • Depth perception

      • Explored by psychologist EJ Gibson.

    • Binocular cues

      • Depth cues arising from the use of both eyes; involves stereopsis.

    • Retinal/binocular disparity

      • The difference in images received by each eye, aiding depth perception.

    • Convergence

      • Degree of inward eye movement as an object approaches, crucial for depth perception.

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    Test your knowledge of the perceptual process in AP Psychology with these flashcards. Explore key concepts like bottom-up and top-down processing, and understand how we select, organize, and interpret sensory information.

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