Pathological Anatomy Module 2 Quiz

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• Pathological Anatomy*

Module 2

Atherosclerosis

• Early atherosclerotic lesions of the intima: type I and II lesions, including greasy stains and streaks
• Atherosclerotic lesions: fibroatheromas, characterized by a large lipid core and a pronounced fibrous component

Heart Diseases

• Tetralogia of Fallot: defines a missing lesion, including stenosis of the infundibulum of the right ventricle, ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy
• Ischemic heart disease: caused by obstructive atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
• Myocardial infarction: local necrosis of the myocardium caused by acute ischemia, often due to coronary artery obstruction
• Transmural myocardial infarction: involves the entire thickness of the myocardium, usually due to atherosclerosis with thrombosis

Respiratory Diseases

• Chronic bronchitis: characterized by coughing and expectoration of mucous secretions for three months of the year, for at least two consecutive years
• Disease of small airways: affects small bronchi and terminal and respiratory bronchioles
• Bronchial asthma: a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, characterized by mast cells, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

Lung Diseases

• Lung atelectasis: a decrease in air content in the lungs, which can be congenital or acquired
• Lobar pneumonia: stages include active hyperemia, red and gray hepatization, and resolution
• Bronchopneumonia: forms of bronchopneumonia include hypostatic, aspiration, gangrenous, and chronic pneumonia

Tumors

• Lung tumors: include papillary adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, acinar adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma
• Neuroendocrine tumors: include small cell carcinoma
• Hodgkin's lymphoma: a lymphatic tissue neoplasm, characterized by Reed-Stenberg cells and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate

Anemia and Blood Disorders

• Anemia: three most common causes are disturbed production of erythrocytes, increased destruction of erythrocytes, and increased blood loss
• Pancytopenia: a bone marrow hypoplasia or aplasia, leading to a deficiency of all blood cells
• Leukemia: a malignant proliferation of hematopoietic cells, characterized by anemia, infections, and hemorrhages

Module 3

Breast Diseases

• Fibrocystic breast disease: a pathological disorder in the ductal epithelium and stroma, leading to palpable masses
• Mastitis: an inflammation of the breast, often caused by bacterial infection

Endocrine Diseases

• Hypothyroidism: a deficiency of thyroid hormones, leading to myxedema and cretinism
• Thyroid cancer: most common histological type is papillary carcinoma
• Adrenal gland tumors: include pheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal medulla

Kidney Diseases

• Acute nephritic syndrome: characterized by acute hematuria, moderate or pronounced proteinuria, and hypertension
• Glomerulonephritis: a bilateral, segmental or global, focal or diffuse, non-purulent inflammation of the glomerulus
• Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor): a primary, malignant childhood tumor associated with developmental anomalies

Urinary Tract Diseases

• Transitional cell carcinoma: the most common malignant tumor of the urothelium
• Bladder tumors: most common type is transitional cell carcinoma

Reproductive Diseases

• Ectopic pregnancy: a pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, often in the fallopian tube
• Tuboovarian abscess: an inflammatory process of the fallopian tubes and ovaries
• Cervical cancer: often associated with HPV infection

CNS Diseases

• Hydrocephalus ex vacuo: a compensatory enlargement of the brain ventricles due to brain diseases characterized by brain atrophy
• Alzheimer's disease: a degenerative disease of the CNS, characterized by macroscopic changes, including atrophy of the cerebral cortex, and microscopic changes, including neurofibrillary degeneration
• Parkinson's disease: a degenerative disease of the CNS, characterized by a predominant affection of the extrapyramidal system

Tumors of the CNS

• Neuroepithelial tumors: include gliomas, such as astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma
• Meningeoma: a tumor of the meninges, often benign

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any questions.### Hypertensive Massive Cerebral Hemorrhage

• Represents the most destructive lesion of the brain
• Occurs in people who suffer from arterial hypertension for a long time, causing cerebral hypertensive microangiopathy with the appearance of hypertensive bleeding

Brain Circulation

• Depends on the transverse diameter of the blood vessel lumen
• Also depends on high blood pressure and blood oxygen saturation

Histological Pictures

• Central keratin eosinophilic masses (armoring beads - cancer beads) are characteristic of Squamous cell carcinoma
• Not characteristic of Melanoma, Seborrheic dermatoses, or Basal cell carcinoma

Tumors

• Basal cell carcinoma develops from the basal cells of the epidermis or from the stem epithelial cells of the skin that differentiate into hair cells, sebaceous and apocrine glands
• Squamous cell carcinoma can metastasize, has infiltrative-destructive growth, and is more common in elderly people in the head and neck region
• Bowen's disease is Squamous cell carcinoma "in situ"

Soft Tissue Tumors

• The most common localization of malignant soft tissue tumors is on the lower extremities
• The most common malignant soft tissue tumors are Liposarcoma and Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Joint Lesions

• Dupuytren's contracture is a palmar fibromatosis
• Not a tumor-like joint lesion, degenerative joint disease, or changes in arthritis

Bone Disorders

• Osteomyelitis is inflammation of bone tissue and bone marrow
• Osteoporosis is a reduction of bone mass, with a preserved ratio of mineralized and non-mineralized bone matrix, which occurs as a result of the inability of osteoblasts to regenerate bone during the bone remodeling process

Osteosarcomas

• Divided into central, juxtacortical, medullary, and extramedullary types based on localization

Cholestasis

• Divided into intrahepatic and extrahepatic based on primary localization of the cause

Mammary Tumors

• Combined mammary tumor of glandular and epithelial origin is a fibroadenoma

Clinical Manifestations

• Myxedema is a clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism in adults

Tumors of the Meninges

• Meningeoma belongs to the group of tumors of the meninges

Osteomyelitis

• The most common cause of osteomyelitis is Staphylococcus

Tumors of the Reproductive System

• Choriocarcinoma tumor cells secrete chorionic gonadotropin

Ischemic Heart Disease

• Acute myocardial infarction is a local necrosis of the myocardium caused by acute ischemia, most often due to the obstruction of a coronary artery

Pulmonary Diseases

• Chronic bronchitis is a disease accompanied by coughing and expectoration of mucous secretions for three months of the year, for at least two consecutive years, and cannot be attributed to other pulmonary or cardiac causes
• Pulmonary edema is the presence of liquid in the interstitium of the lungs and alveoli, caused by transudation from the pulmonary capillaries

Anemia

• A reduction in the mass of erythrocytes in the circulation below normal values or a lack of functionally capable hemoglobin in a unit of blood volume is called anemia

Bladder Tumors

• The most common bladder tumors are transitional cell carcinomas

Infectious Gastritis

• The most common infectious gastritis is Helicobacter pylori gastritis

Intestinal Diseases

• Crohn's disease is a chronic, progressive, granulomatous inflammation of the intestinal wall

Adaptation Processes

• Atrophy is the adaptation process in which tissue and organ size decreases

Ischemic Necrosis

• Infarctus is a field of tissue or organ ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of arterial inflow or occlusion of venous drainage

Inflammation

• Purulent inflammation is characterized by the presence of pus (PUS)
• Not characteristic of serous, fibrinous, or catarrhal inflammation

Benign Tumors

• Hemangioma is a benign tumor of blood vessels
• Benign tumors are characterized by a lack of tissue atypia, tissue and cellular atypia, cellular and nuclear atypia, and high degree of dedifferentiation

Atherosclerotic Lesions

• Fibroatheromas are atherosclerotic lesions characterized by a formed large lipid core, with a pronounced fibr component, composed of connective fibers