Pathological Anatomy and Physiology Quiz
48 Questions
4 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors contributes to the development of thrombosis?

  • Blood flow disorder (correct)
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Endothelial injury (correct)
  • Air embolism

    • An embolism is caused by a substance moving through the bloodstream and causing a blockage.

    True (A)

    What is the most common type of embolism?

    Thrombembolism

    Edema is the accumulation of ______ in tissues.

    <p>fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following skin pigmentation disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Albinism = Lack of pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes Vitiligo = Loss of skin color in patches Freckles = Small brown spots on the skin due to sun exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the systemic manifestations of inflammation?

    <p>Fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regeneration refers to healing in which the original tissue functionality is completely restored.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sudden, intermittent pain caused by muscle contractions due to a stone?

    <p>Colic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended age for women to start cervical cancer screening in the Czech Republic?

    <p>25 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common tumors in women include breast, lung, and colorectal cancers.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a benign tumor.

    <p>Adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased blood pressure above _______ indicates systemic arterial hypertension.

    <p>140/90 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of tumor with its corresponding category:

    <p>Liposarcoma = Mesenchymal tumors (malignant) Adenocarcinoma = Epithelial tumors (malignant) Papilloma = Epithelial tumors (benign) Leukemia = Hematological tumors (malignant)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tumors is not a common cancer in children?

    <p>Colorectal cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is secondary hypertension?

    <p>High blood pressure caused by another condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A cyst is defined as a cavity without any lining.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of systemic hypertension?

    <p>Kidney damage leading to kidney failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aortic dissection is characterized by a localized enlargement of an artery.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition leads to disruption of diastolic filling of the heart due to myocardial rupture?

    <p>Cardiac tamponade (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk associated with iliofemoral phlebothrombosis?

    <p>High risk of embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angina pectoris is a form of _______ ischemia.

    <p>reversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symptoms of right-sided heart failure primarily include pulmonary symptoms.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical course of acute rhinitis?

    <p>Self-limiting viral infection causing nasal congestion and discharge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each risk factor for coronary heart disease to its type:

    <p>Hypertension = Modifiable Age = Non-modifiable Smoking = Modifiable Genetics = Non-modifiable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two basic types of valvular disorders?

    <p>Narrowing and insufficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary edema limits or prevents gas exchange due to the presence of _____ in the pulmonary interstitium.

    <p>fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is atherosclerosis?

    <p>Formation of atherosclerotic plaques in arterial walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following obstructive pulmonary diseases with their causes:

    <p>Bronchial Asthma = Bronchial inflammation and narrowing COPD = Long-term inflammation and damage due to smoking Bronchiectasis = Chronic infection and damage to the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of pulmonary hypertension?

    <p>Idiopathic factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic, excessive stress is a non-modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary atelectasis occurs when there is excessive air in the lungs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is angina?

    <p>Acute infection of the tonsils commonly caused by streptococci.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterized by an absolute lack of insulin secretion?

    <p>Type 1 Diabetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus can be caused by both impaired insulin secretion and action.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two acute complications of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition characterized by a high level of proteinuria (over 3.5g/day) is known as ________.

    <p>nephrotic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following chronic complications of diabetes with their descriptions:

    <p>Neuropathy = Nerve damage leading to numbness Nephropathy = Kidney damage affecting filtration Retinopathy = Vision impairment due to retinal damage Atherosclerosis = Hardening of the arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of chronic kidney insufficiency?

    <p>Glomerulonephritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute renal failure can be caused solely by prerenal mechanisms.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hydronephrosis?

    <p>A condition in which urine outflow from the renal pelvis is obstructed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of acute bladder inflammation?

    <p>Polydipsia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vesicoureteral reflux can lead to kidney damage and infections.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a polyp?

    <p>A circumscribed protrusion of the mucosa into the lumina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acidic contents of the stomach can flow back into the esophagus due to a _______ lower esophageal sphincter.

    <p>weak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms of diarrhea with their descriptions:

    <p>Osmotic = Diarrhea caused by unabsorbed substances in the intestines Secretory = Diarrhea due to excessive secretion of fluids into the intestines Exudative = Diarrhea with the presence of blood and pus Motility disorders = Diarrhea related to abnormal intestinal movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk factors are associated with developing urolithiasis?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic pancreatitis involves transient inflammation without any fibrosis.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hiatal hernia is the dislocation of part of the stomach through the esophageal _______.

    <p>hiatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathological Anatomy and Physiology

    • Pathological anatomy studies structural changes caused by disease in tissues and organs.
    • Pathological physiology examines the functional changes in the body during disease.
    • Etiology refers to the cause of a disease.
    • Pathogenesis describes the mechanism of disease development.

    Types of Autopsies

    • Clinical autopsies analyze the cause of a patient's death.
    • Forensic autopsies investigate suspicious deaths.
    • Anatomical autopsies are for research and education.

    Biopsy and Cytology

    • Biopsy involves the removal and examination of a tissue sample from a living patient.
    • Cytology examines cells from swabs or liquids (excluding blood).

    Molecular Pathological Examination

    • Detects genetic changes in tumor cells, used for diagnosis and predicting disease progression.

    Stages of Dying

    • Clinical death is reversible.
    • Biological death is irreversible.

    Brain Death Diagnosis

    • Diagnosed by clinical assessment (absence of brainstem reflexes, breathing, and electrical activity).
    • Confirmatory testing includes cerebral angiography and brain perfusion scintigraphy.

    Adaptation

    • Adaptation is a reversible change in function and structure in response to increased or decreased demands on the organism.
    • Types: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia.

    Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia

    • Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells.
    • Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells.

    Atrophy

    • A decrease in cell size or volume. Examples include brain and testicular atrophy.

    Metaplasia

    • Replacement of one type of differentiated cell with another.

    Cell Death Types

    • Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death.
    • Apoptosis is regulated, programmed cell death.

    Infarction

    • Tissue death due to lack of blood supply.

    Gangrene

    • Necrosis modified by secondary changes, such as drying, infection by bacteria.

    Pressure Ulcer

    • Necrosis of skin and subcutaneous tissue due to prolonged pressure, often over bony areas in immobile patients.

    Thrombosis

    • Intravital clot formation in blood vessels. Factors contributing are endothelial injury, blood flow disorders, and the hypercoagulable state.

    Embolism

    • A substance (embolus) that travels through the bloodstream and blocks a vessel.
    • Common types: thromboembolism, air embolism, fat embolism, amniotic fluid embolism, and tumor embolism.

    Edema

    • Accumulation of fluid in tissues due to mechanisms such as venous stasis, hypoproteinemia, sodium and water retention, and lymphedema.

    Dehydration Signs

    • Reduced fluid intake, diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, urine loss, fluid loss from burns.

    Marfan Syndrome

    • Genetic disorder affecting connective tissue (fibrillin gene), leading to tall stature, aortic defects, hypermobility, and flat feet and long limbs.

    Amyloid/Amyloidosis

    • A disease where soluble proteins convert into insoluble proteins that accumulate in tissues.
    • Key role in Alzheimer's disease.

    Skin Pigmentation Disorders

    • Albinism, vitiligo, and freckles.

    Lithiasis

    • Presence of concrements in excretory systems.

    Colic

    • Sudden, intermittent pain from muscle contractions in excretory pathways.

    Inflammation

    • Defensive and reparative response to tissue damage, a part of the innate immune system.
    • Local manifestations include rubor, dolor, calor, tumor, and functio laesa.
    • Systemic manifestations include leukocytosis, leukopenia, increased acute-phase proteins, increased coagulation, sedimentation and fever.

    Abscess vs. Phlegmon

    • Abscess involves a localized collection of pus.
    • Phlegmon is diffuse tissue inflammation.

    Healing Types

    • Regeneration is healing of a lesion, maintaining original tissue function.
    • Reparation is healing of a lesion with a fibrous scar.

    Fracture Healing

    • Fracture healing involves hematoma formation, granulation tissue formation, cartilage callus formation, bone callus formation, and bone callus remodeling.

    Immunity

    • Innate immunity (general defense, no memory) and adaptive immunity (memory, involves T and B cells, specific immunity) protect against pathogens.

    Low Immune System Activity

    • Immunodeficiency diseases, immunosuppressive treatments, malnutrition and congenital or acquired immune system deficiencies.

    Exaggerated Immune Reactions

    • Allergies, and autoimmune diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus).

    Trisomy

    • A genetic condition where a chromosome has three copies instead of two. Example: Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

    Teratogen

    • An external factor that can cause developmental disorders, such as alcohol or medications.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Pathological Anatomy Exam PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on pathological anatomy and physiology, exploring structural and functional changes caused by diseases. Learn about different types of autopsies, biopsy procedures, and the stages of dying. This quiz covers critical concepts essential for understanding disease mechanisms and diagnostics.

    More Like This

    Pathological Anatomy Module 2 Quiz
    32 questions

    Pathological Anatomy Module 2 Quiz

    SimplestBougainvillea avatar
    SimplestBougainvillea
    Concepto y Evolución de la Anatomía Patológica
    40 questions

    Concepto y Evolución de la Anatomía Patológica

    NeatBaroque7922 avatar
    NeatBaroque7922
    Pathologic Anatomy Overview
    13 questions

    Pathologic Anatomy Overview

    StrongestCoral611 avatar
    StrongestCoral611
    Biopsias y Anatomía Patológica
    47 questions

    Biopsias y Anatomía Patológica

    GoodTranscendental avatar
    GoodTranscendental
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser