Pathological Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

The formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

A substance, often a blood clot, that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a blood vessel, causing a blockage.

The accumulation of fluid in body tissues, leading to swelling.

The presence of concrements (stones) in the body within the excretory systems of certain organs.

Sudden, intermittent pain from muscle contractions caused by a stone moving through excretory pathways.

A defensive and reparative response to tissue damage, part of the innate immune system.

The healing of a lesion with the original tissue maintaining its functionality.

The healing of a lesion with functionally inferior tissue, usually a fibrous scar.

Symptoms in advanced cancer patients not directly related to the tumor mass, often caused by endocrine, autoimmune, or coagulation disorders.

A tumor with abnormal cell growth that does not spread to other parts of the body.

A tumor with abnormal cell growth that can spread to other parts of the body.

A cavity surrounded by epithelial lining.

Increased blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg (repeated measurements at rest, minimum of 2 times across three doctor visits).

High blood pressure caused by another condition, such as kidney disorders, endocrine problems, or aortic narrowing.

High blood pressure without a known cause.

The process of normal cells turning into cancerous cells, caused by genetic changes altering cell growth, death, and invasion.

High blood pressure that can damage organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys.

A buildup of plaque in arteries, narrowing them and potentially cutting off blood flow.

A bulge in an artery caused by weakness in the wall, or a tear in the aorta causing blood flow between layers.

Aneurysm: bulging artery; Dissection: tear in aorta.

Enlarged veins, often in the legs or esophagus, due to increased pressure or liver disease.

Superficial thrombophlebitis is inflammation in surface veins with low embolism risk, while iliofemoral phlebothrombosis affects deep veins and has high embolism risk.

Narrowing (stenosis) or backflow (insufficiency) of valves.

Ischemia caused by atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries.

A condition where the heart cannot effectively pump blood, leading to inadequate tissue perfusion. It can be classified based on the location of the malfunction (left or right side) and the presence or absence of shunts.

A life-threatening condition where fluid accumulates in the space between the heart and the pericardium, preventing the heart from filling properly.

A condition where the lung tissue collapses due to air absorption and alveolar collapse. This can result from blocked airways or pressure on the lung.

A condition where fluid accumulates in the spaces around the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, making it difficult for oxygen to reach the bloodstream. It can be caused by various factors, including heart failure and lung injuries.

High blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs, which can lead to right heart failure and damage to the lungs. It can be caused by various factors, including lung disease, heart defects, and certain medications.

A blockage in the pulmonary artery, usually caused by a blood clot that travels from the legs or other parts of the body. It can be very dangerous and lead to respiratory failure.

A severe form of lung injury that causes fluid to leak into the alveoli, leading to difficulty breathing. This can be caused by various factors, including infection, trauma, and aspiration.

A group of inflammatory lung diseases that cause airflow obstruction. This can lead to coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. The three most common causes of obstruction are inflammation, airway narrowing, and chronic infection.

A group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) due to problems with insulin production, insulin action, or both.

Type 1 diabetes is caused by the body's immune system attacking and destroying the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This leads to an absolute lack of insulin.

Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body doesn't use insulin properly, leading to insulin resistance. Over time, the pancreas may not be able to produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance.

A condition caused by kidney failure, especially in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), leading to a buildup of waste products in the blood.

A group of symptoms caused by high protein levels in the urine (over 3.5 grams per day).

A condition where the flow of urine from the kidneys is blocked, causing the kidneys to swell.

A bacterial infection of the kidneys and renal pelvis, causing pus (inflammation).

A potentially life-threatening condition occurring in acute kidney failure, characterized by high potassium levels in the blood, leading to heart rhythm problems.

Inflammation of the bladder, characterized by pain or burning during urination (dysuria), blood in the urine (hematuria), frequent urination (pollakiuria), and a strong urge to urinate (urgency).

Urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, potentially leading to kidney infections and damage.

A disruption in the normal process of swallowing, leading to difficulty or pain in moving food or liquid from the mouth to the stomach.

The backward flow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus due to a weak lower esophageal sphincter, causing discomfort and potential complications.

A protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the chest area.

A breakdown of the protective lining in the stomach or duodenum due to the combined effects of acid and the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

A pouch-like protrusion of the mucosal lining into the lumen of an organ, usually the colon.

A life-threatening intestinal obstruction caused by mechanical blockage (e.g., tumors), paralysis of muscle movements (neurogenic), or insufficient blood supply (vascular).