Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the kidneys?
Which of the following cell types is responsible for the destruction and reabsorption of bone tissue?
What is the primary function of calcitonin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland?
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Which of the following is the primary source of vitamin D2 for humans?
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What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone metabolism?
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How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect the kidneys' role in vitamin D metabolism?
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Which cell type is responsible for the biomineralization process and maintenance of bone tissue?
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What is the role of chief cells in the parathyroid gland?
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Where is pre-prohormone synthesized in the parathyroid gland?
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What triggers the release of PTH from the parathyroid gland?
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Where does PTH have a direct impact on metabolism?
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Which hormone is NOT involved in maintaining calcium homeostasis?
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What are the actions of oxphil cells in the parathyroid gland?
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What is the role of calcitriol in calcium metabolism?
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What happens when calcium and phosphate levels are imbalanced?
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What is the primary effect of decreasing calcium movement from bones to the ECF?
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Which hormone is released in response to excessive calcium absorption in the intestines?
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What is the main role of calcitriol in calcium regulation?
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How do hind gut fermenters regulate blood calcium levels?
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Which of the following is a direct effect of increasing phosphate movement into bones from the ECF, due to calcitonin?
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What is the consequence of insufficient calcitriol in animals?
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Which hormone indirectly affects calcium levels by acting on the GI tract?
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In hind gut fermenters, what is a unique characteristic of their urine when regulating calcium?
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What is the primary cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
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How does primary hyperparathyroidism impact the kidneys?
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What is a common symptom of primary hyperparathyroidism related to the urinary system?
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How does primary hyperparathyroidism affect the excitability of the PNS/CNS?
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What is a potential cardiovascular manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism?
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How is primary hyperparathyroidism typically diagnosed?
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In horses, what is another term for secondary hyperparathyroidism?
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"Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism" is a condition in horses resulting from:
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What is the main cause of Nutritional Metabolic Bone Disease (NMBD) in reptiles and amphibians?
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What is the main function of oxalates in the diet of reptiles and amphibians?
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What is the alternative name for Nutritional Metabolic Bone Disease (NMBD) in reptiles and amphibians?
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What is the main cause of hypoparathyroidism in reptiles and amphibians?
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What is the effect of low PTH levels in reptiles and amphibians?
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What is the main symptom of severe hypoparathyroidism?
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How is hypoparathyroidism diagnosed in reptiles and amphibians?
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What is the main cause of Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSHP) in reptiles and amphibians?
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Study Notes
Vitamin D and Calcium Metabolism
- Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, plays a primary role in calcium metabolism.
- Vitamin D2 is primarily sourced from mushrooms and fortified dairy products for humans.
Parathyroid Hormone and Kidneys
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates the kidneys to convert vitamin D into calcitriol, which in turn regulates calcium levels.
Bone Metabolism
- Osteoclasts are responsible for destroying and reabsorbing bone tissue.
- Osteoblasts are responsible for building new bone tissue.
- Osteocytes are responsible for maintaining and regulating bone tissue through biomineralization.
Parathyroid Gland Functions
- Chief cells in the parathyroid gland produce pre-prohormone, which is then converted into PTH.
- PTH is released in response to low calcium levels in the blood.
- PTH directly affects the kidneys, increasing vitamin D metabolism and calcium reabsorption.
Calcium Regulation
- Calcitriol plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels by increasing absorption in the intestines.
- Calcitonin, produced by the thyroid gland, lowers calcium levels by promoting bone storage.
Imbalance and Disorders
- Imbalanced calcium and phosphate levels can lead to various disorders, such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and rickets.
- Insufficient calcitriol in animals can lead to rickets and osteomalacia.
- Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by excessive PTH production, leading to bone resorption, kidney stones, and cardiovascular issues.
- Secondary hyperparathyroidism in horses, also known as nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, is caused by a diet lacking in calcium and vitamin D.
Reptiles and Amphibians
- In reptiles and amphibians, Nutritional Metabolic Bone Disease (NMBD) is caused by a diet lacking in calcium and vitamin D.
- Oxalates in the diet can prevent calcium absorption, exacerbating NMBD.
- Hypoparathyroidism in reptiles and amphibians is caused by a lack of PTH, leading to muscle cramps, seizures, and death.
- Hypoparathyroidism is diagnosed through blood work and radiographs.
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Description
Test your knowledge of parathyroid anatomy and hormone synthesis in different species. Learn about the chief cells that secrete PTH and the oxphil cells with unknown functions. Explore the chemical structure and synthesis process of parathyroid hormones.