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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the parathyroid gland?
What is the primary function of the parathyroid gland?
Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla?
Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla?
What is the effect of calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland?
What is the effect of calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland?
What is the function of the thymus gland?
What is the function of the thymus gland?
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What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on calcium ion concentration in body fluids?
What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on calcium ion concentration in body fluids?
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What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?
What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?
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What is the effect of mineralocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex?
What is the effect of mineralocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex?
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Which hormone stimulates contraction of the uterus and contractile cells of the breast?
Which hormone stimulates contraction of the uterus and contractile cells of the breast?
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Which hormone prevents excess urine production?
Which hormone prevents excess urine production?
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What is the location of the thyroid gland?
What is the location of the thyroid gland?
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What is the function of calcitonin?
What is the function of calcitonin?
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Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones?
Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones?
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What is the shape of the thyroid gland?
What is the shape of the thyroid gland?
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Which hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
Which hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
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Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of gastric acid in the stomach?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of gastric acid in the stomach?
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What is the result of thyroid hormone insufficiency in infancy?
What is the result of thyroid hormone insufficiency in infancy?
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What is the effect of an overproduction of glucocorticoids?
What is the effect of an overproduction of glucocorticoids?
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Prostaglandins play a crucial role in regulating which of the following processes?
Prostaglandins play a crucial role in regulating which of the following processes?
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Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of hormones from the target gland?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of hormones from the target gland?
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What is the result of iodine insufficiency on the thyroid gland?
What is the result of iodine insufficiency on the thyroid gland?
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What is the term for the overproduction of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates have fused?
What is the term for the overproduction of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates have fused?
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Where are testes located?
Where are testes located?
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What hormone does the corpus luteum produce?
What hormone does the corpus luteum produce?
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What is the effect of testosterone on males?
What is the effect of testosterone on males?
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What hormone is responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation?
What hormone is responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation?
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What is produced by the kidneys?
What is produced by the kidneys?
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What is the effect of oestrogen?
What is the effect of oestrogen?
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What is the effect of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)?
What is the effect of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)?
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What hormone is produced by the interstitial cells of the testes?
What hormone is produced by the interstitial cells of the testes?
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What is the function of inhibin?
What is the function of inhibin?
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The [_____________] gland is often referred to as the 'master gland'.
The [_____________] gland is often referred to as the 'master gland'.
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The [_____________] gland is located in the sella turcica.
The [_____________] gland is located in the sella turcica.
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The [_____________] gland produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels.
The [_____________] gland produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels.
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The [_____________] contain endocrine tissue that produces hormones that regulate reproduction.
The [_____________] contain endocrine tissue that produces hormones that regulate reproduction.
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The [_____________] gland produces hormones that regulate growth and development.
The [_____________] gland produces hormones that regulate growth and development.
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A [_____________] disorder occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones.
A [_____________] disorder occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones.
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The [_____________] gland produces hormones that regulate lactation.
The [_____________] gland produces hormones that regulate lactation.
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The [_____________] gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism.
The [_____________] gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism.
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The pancreas is classified as both exocrine and _______________
The pancreas is classified as both exocrine and _______________
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The hormones secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas include glucagon, insulin and _______________
The hormones secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas include glucagon, insulin and _______________
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Glucagon, produced by α cells of the pancreas, increases _______________ concentration
Glucagon, produced by α cells of the pancreas, increases _______________ concentration
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The pancreas lies _______________ in the abdominal cavity
The pancreas lies _______________ in the abdominal cavity
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Insulin, produced by β cells of the pancreas, decreases _______________ concentration
Insulin, produced by β cells of the pancreas, decreases _______________ concentration
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Somatostatin, produced by δ cells of the pancreas, inhibits the secretion of _______________ and glucagon
Somatostatin, produced by δ cells of the pancreas, inhibits the secretion of _______________ and glucagon
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The adrenal gland is composed of the outer _______________ and the inner medulla
The adrenal gland is composed of the outer _______________ and the inner medulla
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Cortisol, produced by the adrenal cortex, has an _______________ effect
Cortisol, produced by the adrenal cortex, has an _______________ effect
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Stomach _______ releases gastrin, enteric gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, enterocrinin, and gastric inhibiting hormone.
Stomach _______ releases gastrin, enteric gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, enterocrinin, and gastric inhibiting hormone.
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Human chorionic gonadotropin, oestrogen, progesterone, and relaxin are produced by the _______.
Human chorionic gonadotropin, oestrogen, progesterone, and relaxin are produced by the _______.
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Acromegaly is caused by the overproduction of _______ hormone after the epiphyseal plates have fused.
Acromegaly is caused by the overproduction of _______ hormone after the epiphyseal plates have fused.
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The ______ gland is responsible for maturation of T-lymphocytes.
The ______ gland is responsible for maturation of T-lymphocytes.
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The ______ gland produces hormones that regulate calcium and phosphate in blood.
The ______ gland produces hormones that regulate calcium and phosphate in blood.
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Cretinism is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth, resulting from _______ hormone insufficiency in infancy.
Cretinism is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth, resulting from _______ hormone insufficiency in infancy.
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The ______ gland is divided into the outer cortex and inner medulla.
The ______ gland is divided into the outer cortex and inner medulla.
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Goiter is a condition characterized by an enlarged _______ gland, resulting from thyroid hormone hyposecretion.
Goiter is a condition characterized by an enlarged _______ gland, resulting from thyroid hormone hyposecretion.
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Cushing's syndrome results from the hypersecretion of _______ glucocorticoids.
Cushing's syndrome results from the hypersecretion of _______ glucocorticoids.
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Glucocorticoids, produced by the adrenal cortex, are involved in ______.
Glucocorticoids, produced by the adrenal cortex, are involved in ______.
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The ______ gland produces hormones that regulate growth and development.
The ______ gland produces hormones that regulate growth and development.
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Prostaglandins are regulators of cell _______, and are important in normal physiology.
Prostaglandins are regulators of cell _______, and are important in normal physiology.
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Feedback control of hormone release involves the regulation of hormone release by the pituitary gland, _______ glands, and target glands.
Feedback control of hormone release involves the regulation of hormone release by the pituitary gland, _______ glands, and target glands.
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Calcitonin, produced by the ______ gland, decreases calcium ion concentration in body fluids.
Calcitonin, produced by the ______ gland, decreases calcium ion concentration in body fluids.
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Thymosin, produced by the ______ gland, is involved in maturation and functional competence of immune system.
Thymosin, produced by the ______ gland, is involved in maturation and functional competence of immune system.
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The ______ gland produces hormones that regulate lactation and contraction of the uterus.
The ______ gland produces hormones that regulate lactation and contraction of the uterus.
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The ______ produces erythropoietin, which is responsible for the increased production of RBC’s in bone marrow.
The ______ produces erythropoietin, which is responsible for the increased production of RBC’s in bone marrow.
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The hormone ______ is responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation and preparing breast for secretory function.
The hormone ______ is responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation and preparing breast for secretory function.
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Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF) is a powerful ______ hormone secreted by heart muscles.
Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF) is a powerful ______ hormone secreted by heart muscles.
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Testes produce ______, which stimulates development of male sexual characteristics.
Testes produce ______, which stimulates development of male sexual characteristics.
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The pancreas is classified as both ______ and endocrine.
The pancreas is classified as both ______ and endocrine.
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Glucagon, produced by α cells of the pancreas, increases ______ concentration.
Glucagon, produced by α cells of the pancreas, increases ______ concentration.
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The ______ gland produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels.
The ______ gland produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels.
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Inhibin, produced by interstitial cells of the testes, inhibits secretion of ______.
Inhibin, produced by interstitial cells of the testes, inhibits secretion of ______.
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Study Notes
Parathyroid Gland
- Small, rounded mass attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
- Produces Parathyroid hormone (PTH) which controls homeostasis of calcium and phosphate in blood by activating Vitamin D
Thymus
- Plays a role in the immune system
- Produces thymosin, thymic humoral factor, and thymic factor
- Responsible for the maturation of T-lymphocytes
Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Thymus Hormones
- Thyroid gland produces T3 and T4, which increase energy utilization, oxygen consumption, and growth and development
- Thyroid gland produces calcitonin, which decreases calcium ion concentration in body fluids
- Parathyroid gland produces PTH, which increases calcium ion concentration in body fluids
- Thymus produces thymosin, which is responsible for the maturation and functional competence of the immune system
Adrenal Gland
- Located superior to the kidney
- Divided into the outer cortex and inner medulla
- Adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids
- Adrenal medulla produces hormones controlled by the ANS, including epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal Hormones
- Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) increase renal reabsorption of sodium ions and water, and decrease renal potassium ion loss
Pituitary Gland
- Divided into the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) and adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)
- Neurohypophysis stores hormones, including oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
- Adenohypophysis releases hormones, including growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and prolactin (PRL)
Pituitary Hormones
- Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the uterus and contractile cells of the breast
- ADH prevents excess urine production
- GH promotes general body growth
- ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones
- TSH controls the thyroid gland
- LH and FSH stimulate sexual and reproductive function
- MSH is related to skin pigmentation
- PRL initiates milk production in the breast
Thyroid Gland
- Located in the middle anterior part of the neck
- Produces thyroxin (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3)
- Calcitonin is involved in calcium and phosphate homeostasis
- Rich blood supply allows for the delivery of high levels of hormones in a short period of time
Endocrine Disorders
- Acromegaly: overproduction of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates have fused, leading to bone shape changes, broad facial features, and an enlarged lower jaw
- Cretinism: severely stunted physical and mental growth due to thyroid hormone insufficiency in infancy
- Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland due to thyroid hormone hyposecretion, often caused by iodine insufficiency
- Cushing's syndrome: results from hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, leading to lipid reserves being mobilized, adipose tissue accumulating in the cheeks and base of the neck, and other effects
Prostaglandins
- Regulate cell metabolism
- Important in normal physiology of smooth muscle, blood flow, platelet function, nerve transmission, immune response, secretion, reproduction, and respiration
- Induce inflammation, promote fever, and intensify pain
Feedback Control of Hormone Release
- Regulation involves the production of releasing substances or inhibiting substances
- Involves the release of hormone from the pituitary gland, stimulation of hormone release by the target gland, and the hormone exerting its normal effect and influencing further release of a releasing or inhibiting substance
Testes and Ovaries
- Testes: located within the scrotum, produce testosterone, and stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics
- Ovaries: located in the pelvic cavity, produce oestrogen and progesterone, and are responsible for the development and maintenance of female characteristics and the menstrual cycle
Hormones of the Reproductive System
- Testosterone: involved in the maturation of sperm and male secondary sex characteristics
- Inhibin: inhibits the secretion of FSH
- Oestrogen: involved in follicle maturation and female secondary sex characteristics
- Progesterone: prepares the uterus for implantation and prepares the breast for secretory function
Endocrine System
- The endocrine system is a network of ductless glands that produce and secrete hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
- The system consists of major endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, kidneys, heart, digestive tract, placenta, testes, ovaries, and pineal gland.
Hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus is the "master gland" that controls the body's temperature, hunger, and thirst, and regulates hormone secretion.
- It receives information from the body and interprets and evaluates it, sending outgoing messages via nerves or hormones.
Pituitary Gland
- The pituitary gland is a pea-sized mass of glandular tissue located in the sella turcica, connected to the hypothalamus by a slender stalk called the infundibulum.
- It has two parts: the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis, and indirectly controls growth, metabolism, sexual reproduction, and lactation.
Adrenal Gland
- The adrenal gland is divided into the outer cortex and inner medulla.
- The adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids.
- The adrenal medulla secretes hormones controlled by the autonomic nervous system, including epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
Pancreas
- The pancreas is a flattened organ located retroperitoneally and transversely across the posterior abdominal wall.
- It is classified as both exocrine and endocrine, with the islets of Langerhans secreting glucagon, insulin, and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone.
Parathyroid Gland
- The parathyroid gland is a small, rounded mass attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
- It produces parathyroid hormone (PTH), which controls the homeostasis of calcium and phosphate in the blood by activating vitamin D.
Thymus
- The thymus plays a role in the immune system, producing thymosin, thymic humoral factor, and thymic factor.
- It is responsible for the maturation of T-lymphocytes.
Thyroid Gland
- The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which regulate energy utilization, growth, and development.
- It also produces calcitonin, which decreases calcium ion concentration in body fluids.
Adrenal Hormones
- The adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone), glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol), and gonadocorticoids (e.g., estrogen and androgens).
- The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, and glycogen breakdown, and mobilize lipid reserves.
Reproductive System Hormones
- Testes produce testosterone, which stimulates the development of male sexual characteristics.
- Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which are responsible for female sexual characteristics and the menstrual cycle.
Other Endocrine Tissues
- The kidneys produce erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells.
- The heart produces atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), a powerful vasodilator hormone.
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Description
This quiz covers the functions and characteristics of the thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus glands, including their roles in hormone production and regulation.
