Parasitology and Medical Entomology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What type of parasite cannot survive without a host?

  • Facultative parasite
  • Accidental parasite
  • Aberrant parasite
  • Obligate parasite (correct)

Which term describes the type of host where the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction?

  • Paratenic host
  • Definitive host
  • Amplifier host
  • Intermediate host (correct)

What defines a parasite in the context of Medical Parasitology?

  • An organism that lives remotely from its host
  • An organism that derives nutrients from a host without benefiting it (correct)
  • An organism that provides mutual benefits to its host
  • An organism that can survive independently of a host

Which type of parasite infects an unusual host?

<p>Accidental parasite (B)</p>
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During which week is the Mid-Term Exam scheduled?

<p>Week 9 (C)</p>
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What relationship is described when one organism benefits and the other is harmed?

<p>Parasitism (C)</p>
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What percentage of the total assessment does the Final Exam account for?

<p>50% (D)</p>
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Which type of host serves as a source of infection for other susceptible hosts?

<p>Reservoir host (C)</p>
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What is the term for a close association between a host and parasite where both organisms are interdependent?

<p>Symbiosis (C)</p>
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Which groups of organisms are primarily studied in Medical Parasitology?

<p>Protozoa and helminthes (C)</p>
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Which type of parasite can exist as free-living or parasitic, depending on conditions?

<p>Facultative parasite (B)</p>
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When is the last date to add or drop courses?

<p>October 10, 2024 (D)</p>
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What is the primary source of anthroponoses in parasites?

<p>Humans (B)</p>
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What is the total percentage allocated to Quizzes in the course assessment?

<p>10% (D)</p>
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Which textbook is recommended for studying Medical Parasitology?

<p>Paniker's Textbook of Medical Parasitology (D)</p>
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What is the primary focus of Protozoology?

<p>Study of protozoan parasites (A)</p>
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What is parasitism primarily characterized by?

<p>One organism benefits at the expense of another. (A)</p>
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Who is recognized as the 'father of modern parasitology'?

<p>Francesco Redi (B)</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a component of protozoology included in the course?

<p>Nematodes (D)</p>
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What is myiasis?

<p>Infestation by maggots. (C)</p>
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Which group of organisms is examined under Acarina?

<p>Ticks and some mites (C)</p>
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Which of the following is classified as a protozoan group?

<p>Apicomplexa (B)</p>
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What role do insects and arthropods play in relation to human health?

<p>They can act as vectors for various diseases. (A)</p>
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Which of the following is included in the study of filth flies?

<p>House flies (D)</p>
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What term is used to describe infections transmitted from animals to humans?

<p>Zoonoses (A)</p>
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Which mode of transmission is the most common for parasitic infections?

<p>Oral or feco-oral route (A)</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a method of transmission for parasites?

<p>Allergic reaction (D)</p>
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What is the characteristic of a direct life cycle of a parasite?

<p>Requires only one host (B)</p>
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Which of the following vectors is known to transmit malaria?

<p>Female Anopheles mosquito (A)</p>
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Which parasite is most commonly associated with autoinfection?

<p>Cryptosporidium parvum (C)</p>
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What is the primary feature of an indirect life cycle of parasites?

<p>Involvement of one definitive and one intermediate host (B)</p>
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Which of the following amoebas is classified under the genus that includes free-living forms associated with human disease?

<p>Naegleria (A)</p>
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What illness is primarily caused by Naegleria fowleri?

<p>Acute primary amebic meningoencephalitis (B)</p>
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Which of the following is a dormant form of Naegleria fowleri?

<p>Cyst (D)</p>
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How can Acanthamoeba castellanii cause corneal ulcers?

<p>Via airborne cyst stages (C)</p>
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Where are Naegleria fowleri typically found?

<p>Bodies of fresh water (D)</p>
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What type of lesions can Acanthamoeba castellanii cause?

<p>Granulomatous skin lesions (D)</p>
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Which antigen is associated with Entamoeba histolytica detection?

<p>Galactose lectin antigen (D)</p>
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What is the primary role of trophozoites in free-living amebae such as Naegleria fowleri?

<p>To replicate and feed (A)</p>
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Naegleria fowleri infections are primarily linked to which activity?

<p>Swimming in fresh water (A)</p>
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Flashcards

Parasitology

The study of parasites and parasitism, a form of symbiosis where one organism benefits at the expense of another.

Parasitism

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits (parasite) while harming another (host).

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A Dutch microscopist who is credited for using a single-lens microscope to view Giardia in 1681.

Medical Entomology

Study of insects and other arthropods impacting human and animal health, including their role in disease transmission.

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Protozoology

Study of protozoan parasites, a group of single-celled organisms.

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Helminthology

Study of parasitic worms (flatworms and roundworms).

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Acarina

A group of arthropods, including ticks and certain mites, some of which are parasites.

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Myiasis

Maggot infestation caused by fly larvae.

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Francesco Redi

Recognized as the "Father of modern parasitology" for his contributions to experimental biology.

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Parasite

A living organism that benefits by living in or on another organism (host), extracting nutrients without benefiting the host.

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Protozoa

Single-celled eukaryotic organisms studied in Medical Parasitology.

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Helminths

Animal parasites, including flatworms and roundworms, studied in Medical Parasitology.

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Medical Parasitology

The study of parasites that cause disease in humans.

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Host

An organism that provides a habitat and nutrition for a parasite.

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Epidemiology

The study of the spread and distribution of diseases.

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Pathogenicity

The ability of a parasite to cause disease.

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Transmission

The method by which a parasite spreads from one host to another.

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Life Cycle

The various stages a parasite goes through during its development.

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Symptoms

The observable signs of a disease or infection.

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Diagnosis

Identifying the disease or parasitic infection.

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Treatment

Methods used to cure or manage a parasitic infection.

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Ectoparasite

Lives on the surface of a host, without penetrating tissues. Important disease vectors.

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Endoparasite

Lives inside the host's body. Invasion is called infection.

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Obligate Parasite

Must live as a parasite. Can't survive without a host.

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Facultative Parasite

Can live as a parasite or independently.

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Accidental Parasite

Infects a host it doesn't normally infect.

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Definitive Host

Host where the parasite reproduces sexually.

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Intermediate Host

Host where the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction.

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Reservoir Host

Host that harbors parasites and transmits them.

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Paratenic Host

Host where the parasite lives but doesn't develop further.

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Amplifier Host

A host the parasite grows and reproduces exponentially inside.

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Symbiosis

Close relationship where both host and parasite benefit.

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Commensalism

One benefits, the other is unaffected.

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Parasitism

One organism benefits, the other is harmed.

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Anthroponoses

Parasitic infections transmitted between humans.

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Free-living Amebae

Free-living protozoa that can cause disease in humans if introduced to the body.

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Zoonotic Infection

A disease transmitted from animals to humans.

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Vector Transmission

Transmission of a disease by an intermediate organism.

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Naegleria fowleri

A free-living ameba responsible for acute primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).

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Oral/Fecal Transmission

Disease spread by ingesting contaminated food or water.

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Acanthamoeba castellanii

A free-living ameba causing chronic granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) and other issues.

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Skin Penetration

Parasite entry through the skin.

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Trophozoite

The active feeding and replicating stage of a protozoan.

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Bloodsucking Insect Vector

Insect that transmits disease through blood.

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Cyst

The dormant and protective stage of a protozoan.

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Sexual Contact Transmission

Transmission of disease through sexual activity.

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Galactose lectin antigen

A marker used to detect Entamoeba histolytica infection.

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Vertical Transmission

Transmission of disease from mother to offspring.

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Giardia-specific antigen 65

A marker used to identify Giardia lamblia infection.

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Blood Transfusion Transmission

Transmission of disease through blood or blood products.

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HRP-2 antigen

A marker used to detect Plasmodium falciparum infection.

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Autoinfection

Transmission of disease to the same person from a different part of one's body.

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Direct Life Cycle

Parasite life cycle requiring only one host.

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Indirect Life Cycle

Parasite life cycle requiring two or more hosts.

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Entamoeba

Genus of protozoan parasites that infect the intestines

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course Title: Parasitology and Medical Entomology
  • Course Code: 040510263
  • Semester: Fall 2024-2025
  • Level: 2nd
  • Department: Zoology, Faculty of Science,Alexandria University

Parasitology Definition

  • Parasitology is a branch of biological science concerned with parasites and parasitism.
  • Parasitism is a form of symbiosis where one organism (parasite) benefits at the expense of another organism (host), usually of a different species.
  • Parasitism can lead to injury of the host.

Important Figures in Parasitology

  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: A pioneer Dutch microscopist who first introduced the single-lens microscope and observed Giardia in his own stools.
  • Francesco Redi: Considered the "father of modern parasitology" for his experimental biological works and contributions to identifying and describing several parasites.

General Objectives

  • Covered topics include Protozoology, Helminthology, Acarina, insects of medical importance and insects in human/animal health.
  • Filth flies include fleas, house flies, bed bugs, blowflies, horse flies, lice, sandflies and mosquitoes which cause human diseases.
  • Myiasis is also covered as a topic.

Course Description

  • Covers general introduction to parasitology
  • Includes classification of parasites, types of hosts and parasites, and nomenclature of parasitic organisms.
  • Discusses air-borne, waterborne and insect-borne diseases with detailed examples.
  • Addresses epidemiology, pathogenicity, transmission methods, life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, specifically in protozoology (Sarcomastigophora, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora), and helminthology (flatworms and roundworms).

Course Assessment

  • Quizzes: 2 weeks (4 & 11), 10%
  • Midterm Exam: Week 8, 10%
  • Oral Exam: Week 11, 10%
  • Practical Exam: Week 13, 20%
  • Final Exam: Week 15, 50%

Textbooks

Lesson 1

  • General introduction to Parasitology

Parasite Classification

  • Ectoparasite: lives on the surface of the host.
  • Endoparasite: lives inside the host's body.
  • Further classification based on:
  • Obligate parasite: cannot survive without parasitic life.
  • Facultative parasite: can live both parasitically and freely.
  • Accidental parasite: infects an unexpected host.
  • Aberrant parasite: infects a host where it can't survive/develop fully.

Host Classification

  • Definitive host: host where the parasite develops sexually.
  • Intermediate host: host where the parasite develops asexually.
  • Reservoir host: host harbors the parasite and infects other susceptible hosts.
  • Paratenic host: parasite lives but does not develop further.
  • Amplifier host: parasite lives and multiplies extensively.

Host-Parasite Relationships

  • Symbiosis: close interaction where both benefit.
  • Commensalism: one benefits while the other isn't harmed.
  • Parasitism: one benefits at the other’s expense.
  • Disease: clinical manifestation of infection.
  • Carrier: infected but asymptomatic, can transmit.

Transmission of Parasites

  • Man: source/reservoir (anthroponoses)
  • Animal: transmits to humans (zoonoses); via vectors
  • Vectors: usually arthropods, transmitting infections.
  • Direct/indirect; oral; penateration of the skin.

Sources of Infection

  • Contaminated soil and water
  • Raw/undercooked meat
  • Fish, crabs, and aquatic plants

Modes of Transmission

  • Oral/fecal-oral
  • Penetration of skin/mucous membranes
  • Sexual contact
  • Bite of vectors (mosquitos, flies, etc.)
  • Blood transfusion
  • Autoinfection (contaminated hands)

Free-living Protozoa

  • Majority are harmless.
  • Some can affect humans indirectly via the environment (toxins, etc.)
  • examples Naegleria fowleri
  • Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Naegleria Life Cycle

  • Amoeboid stage, flagellate stage, and cyst stage.
  • Found in warm bodies of fresh water.
  • Ingestion of the parasite

Parasites by Location

  • Parasites in stools, peripheral blood and urine
  • Antigenic detection in parasitic diseases
  • Principal protozoan parasites of man
  • Classification of Amoeba

Detailed Lists of Parasites and Locations

  • Table of parasites found in stools, peripheral blood, and urine.
  • Table of antigen detection in parasitic diseases

Protozoan Parasites of Man

  • Specific parasites (e.g., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium spp., etc.) and their habitats and diseases associated with them.

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Parasitology and Medical Entomology Fall 2024-2025 Lecture 1 PDF

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