Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus Overview
48 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What hormone is primarily secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas?

  • Glucagon
  • Insulin (correct)
  • Pancreatic peptide
  • Somatostatin

    • What condition results from insufficient insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity?

  • Hyperglycemia
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Diabetes mellitus (correct)
  • Adrenal insufficiency

    • During which time does blood glucose typically peak after a meal?

  • 1 hour after the meal
  • 30 minutes after the meal starts (correct)
  • 2 hours after the meal
  • Immediately after the meal starts

    • Which pancreatic hormone increases hepatic glucose output?

    <p>Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the release of insulin from beta cells?

    <p>Binding of glucose to its receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing glucagon?

    <p>Alpha cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basal insulin release?

    <p>Continuous low-level insulin secretion throughout the day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin is produced by _________ cells in the islets of Langerhans.

    <p>beta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pancreatic cells produce somatostatin?

    <p>Delta cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin is usually used in __________.

    <p>Type I diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus is due to __________.

    <p>deficiency of pancreatic cell’s response to glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Islets of Langerhans contains __________.

    <p>I, II, III (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune disease.

    <p>Type I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the oral anti-diabetic agent.

    <p>Metformin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ cells of the pancreas produce glucagon.

    <p>Alpha (A) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin receptors are predominantly found in the following, EXCEPT __________.

    <p>red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissues are known to stimulate insulin release?

    <p>Adipose tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of insulin therapy?

    <p>Lipodystrophy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus typically occurs in which age group?

    <p>Adults (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following inhibits the conversion of complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides?

    <p>Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an INCORRECT statement about diabetes mellitus?

    <p>It is characterized by insulin over-production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Type 1 diabetes is TRUE?

    <p>It usually occurs in juveniles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is an inhibitor of alpha glucosidase?

    <p>Acarbose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following requires insulin for glucose transport?

    <p>Skeletal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of glucagon in the pancreas?

    <p>Decreased blood glucose concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterized by the need for exogenous insulin for survival?

    <p>Type I Diabetes Mellitus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of diabetes is insulin resistance commonly observed?

    <p>Type II Diabetes Mellitus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect occurs when insulin binds to receptors on muscle and adipose tissue?

    <p>Glucose enters the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor associated with Type II Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Obesity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does Type I Diabetes Mellitus typically onset?

    <p>Before 30 years of age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is stimulated by glucagon to increase hepatic glucose production?

    <p>Glycogenolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals with Type II Diabetes Mellitus typically manage their condition?

    <p>With oral anti-diabetic medications and lifestyle changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug increases tissue sensitivity to insulin?

    <p>Rosiglitazone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidiabetic drug is an inhibitor of alpha glucosidase?

    <p>Acarbose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucagon is used to __________.

    <p>increase blood glucose levels in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is incorrect regarding diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Type I diabetes has an onset of 30 years of age (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is classified as an autoimmune disease?

    <p>Type I Diabetes Mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common consequence of insulin resistance?

    <p>Hyperglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans?

    <p>Secrete insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of thiazolidinediones in diabetes treatment?

    <p>They decrease insulin resistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor?

    <p>Sitagliptin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do DPP-4 inhibitors assist in managing blood sugar levels?

    <p>They allow incretin to stimulate insulin release for a longer duration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the effect of glucagon?

    <p>It stimulates glucose production in the liver. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category of drugs are insulin sensitizers?

    <p>Thiazolidinediones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a trait of thiazolidinediones?

    <p>They increase insulin resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of incretin hormones in diabetes management?

    <p>They stimulate insulin release from beta cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is primarily used to counteract severe hypoglycemia?

    <p>Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Outcomes

    • Students should be able to describe pancreatic hormones and functions
    • Students should be able to describe types of diabetes mellitus
    • Students should be able to describe the pharmacology of drugs for diabetes mellitus

    Structure of the Lesson

    • Pancreas and pancreatic hormones
    • Regulation of blood glucose concentrations
    • Diabetic Mellitus
    • Drugs for Diabetic Mellitus
    • Hyperglycemic drugs

    Pancreas and Pancreatic Hormones

    • Endocrine pancreas produces hormones in clusters called islets of Langerhans
    • Islets contain alpha, beta, delta, and F cells
    • Alpha cells produce glucagon
    • Beta cells produce insulin
    • Insulin regulates glucose metabolism and lowers blood glucose
    • Glucagon increases hepatic glucose output and raises blood glucose

    Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations

    • Healthy individuals have basal insulin release throughout the day and night.
    • Blood glucose peaks within 30 minutes of a meal
    • Insulin is immediately released when eating
    • Blood glucose usually returns to normal within 1 to 2 hours after a meal
    • Glucose binds to receptors on beta cells, releasing insulin
    • Insulin binds to receptors, allowing glucose into cells
    • This decreases blood glucose concentration

    Mechanism of Action of Insulin

    • Glucagon is produced by alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decreased blood glucose
    • Activates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase hepatic glucose production

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • A disorder of glucose homeostasis, characterized by elevated blood glucose
    • Classified into four categories: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4

    Type 1 Diabetes

    • Usually develops before age 30
    • Autoimmune disease triggered by viral or environmental factors
    • Destroys beta cells, leading to decreased insulin production
    • Also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

    Type 2 Diabetes

    • Usually develops after age 30
    • Often associated with obesity and insulin resistance
    • Also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
    • Can often be treated with oral anti-diabetic medications plus diet and exercise

    Type 3 Diabetes

    • Elevated blood glucose caused by pancreatitis, pancreatectomy, or drug therapy

    Type 4 Diabetes

    • Abnormality in glucose levels during pregnancy

    Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus

    • Therapy aims to regulate blood glucose levels through diet, exercise, and drugs
    • Drugs for DM are categorized into oral and parenteral administration
    • Parenteral administration includes insulin
      • Binds to insulin receptors regulating blood glucose and metabolism
      • These receptors are located in adipose and skeletal tissues. The nerves, red blood cells, kidneys, and the lens of the eye don't need insulin.
      • Four main types of injected insulin: Rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting
    • Oral antidiabetic drugs include:
      • Secretagogues (e.g., glibenclamide)
      • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose)
      • Biguanides (e.g., metformin)
      • Thiazolidinediones (e.g., rosiglitazone, pioglitazone)
      • Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin, saxagliptin)

    Hyperglycemic Drugs

    • Glucagon is produced in response to low blood glucose
    • Treatment for hypoglycemic reactions

    Multiple Choice Questions

    (Note: This section contains multiple choice questions. Answers to the questions will need to be added.)

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus FFG2414 PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on the functions of pancreatic hormones, the types of diabetes mellitus, and the pharmacology related to diabetic treatments. Students will learn how the pancreas regulates blood glucose concentrations and the role of various drugs in managing diabetes. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in endocrinology!

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser