Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which antibodies are associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Which antibodies are associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
What is the primary defect in Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
What is the primary defect in Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Which risk factor is NOT associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Which risk factor is NOT associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
How does the onset of symptoms differ between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
How does the onset of symptoms differ between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
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Which chronic complication is NOT associated with diabetes mellitus?
Which chronic complication is NOT associated with diabetes mellitus?
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What is the main function of the delta cell in the pancreas?
What is the main function of the delta cell in the pancreas?
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How many amino acids does the A chain of insulin contain?
How many amino acids does the A chain of insulin contain?
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What is the metabolic effect of insulin?
What is the metabolic effect of insulin?
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Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas?
Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas?
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What is the first step in the pathogenesis of Type 1 DM?
What is the first step in the pathogenesis of Type 1 DM?
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Study Notes
Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with antibodies such as islet cell autoantibodies (ICA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and insulinoma-associated antigen 2 (IA-2).
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- The primary defect in Type 2 diabetes mellitus is insulin resistance, characterized by decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin.
Risk Factors
- The risk factor NOT associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus is age below 40 years.
Onset of Symptoms
- In Type 1 diabetes mellitus, the onset of symptoms is sudden and severe, with hyperglycemia, polyuria, and polydipsia.
- In Type 2 diabetes mellitus, the onset of symptoms is gradual and often asymptomatic, with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.
Chronic Complications
- The chronic complication NOT associated with diabetes mellitus is arthritis.
Pancreas Function
- The main function of the delta cell in the pancreas is to produce somatostatin, a hormone that inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon.
Insulin Structure
- The A chain of insulin contains 21 amino acids.
Insulin Metabolic Effect
- The metabolic effect of insulin is to increase glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, decrease glucose production in the liver, and promote glycogen synthesis.
Autoimmune Destruction
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas.
Pathogenesis of Type 1 DM
- The first step in the pathogenesis of Type 1 DM is the activation of autoreactive T cells, which leads to the destruction of beta cells and insulin deficiency.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the physiology of insulin, including its production in the pancreas, metabolic effects, and the mechanism of its release. Also, assess your understanding of Diabetes Mellitus as a complex clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency.
