Pain and Neurotransmission Pathway
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Questions and Answers

What type of fibres predominate in the Trigeminal Nerve?

  • Motor fibres
  • Efferent fibres
  • Afferent fibres (correct)
  • Sensory fibres

    • Where do nociceptive inputs from the Trigeminal Nerve ascend to?

  • Dorsal horn of the spinal cord
  • Reticular formation
  • Ventroposterior nuclei of the brainstem (correct)
  • Cerebellum

    • What is the primary function of 1st order neurones in the afferent pathway?

  • To regulate inputs from Aβ and Aδ and C fibres
  • To relay signals from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to the cortex
  • To modulate signals in the spinal cord
  • To transmit sharp pain or dull, poorly localised pain from the periphery to the dorsal horn (correct)

    • What is the function of the Trigeminal Nerve in pain transmission?

    <p>It transmits pain signals from the oro-facial tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the Trigeminal Nerve in terms of sensory perception?

    <p>It has a unique feature of no normal sensory perception from within tooth pulp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Gate Theory, what influences the balance of inputs to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

    <p>Balance of inputs from Aβ and Aδ fibres and C fibres and activity in fibres descending from higher centres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory that explains how pain signals are modulated in the spinal cord?

    <p>Gate Control Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the ganglion of the Trigeminal Nerve?

    <p>Semi-lunar ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of pain carried by slow, unmyelinated C fibres?

    <p>Dull, poorly localised pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the cell bodies of 1st order neurones?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglia (DRG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the periaqueductal grey in pain modulation?

    <p>To regulate the intensity of pain perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is released from c-fibre terminals in the dorsal horn?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors on pain perception?

    <p>Decreased sensitivity to pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opioid receptor is activated by endorphins?

    <p>Mu opioid receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mechanism by which activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors reduces pain perception?

    <p>Gate control theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pain, in terms of physiological response?

    <p>A perception derived from a particular stimulus or pattern of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers carry sharp pain from the teeth and oral cavity?

    <p>Faster myelinated Aβ and Aδ fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory receptors respond to stimuli that cause pain?

    <p>Nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of 1st order neurons located?

    <p>Trigeminal ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pain in the body?

    <p>To alert us to potential harm or damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of the 'Gate' for pain pathways from teeth and oral cavity?

    <p>Sensory nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the way in which pain signals are transmitted and modulated in the spinal cord?

    <p>Gate Control Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the organisation that provides a definition of pain?

    <p>International Association for the Study of Pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can modulate pain in the trigeminal region?

    <p>Emotions, anxiety, and worry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many neurons are involved in the afferent pathway from periphery to cortex?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nociceptors in the skin, muscle, bone, and teeth?

    <p>Respond specifically to noxious or potentially damaging stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which mediators act on nociceptors?

    <p>By selectively changing the permeability of the receptor leading to an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the electrical signal generated by the activation of nociceptors?

    <p>Generator potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route taken by pain signals from the periphery to the brain?

    <p>Via peripheral nerves, up the spinal cord, to the midbrain and into the sensory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which pain signals are modified or regulated?

    <p>Modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of chronic pain?

    <p>It tends to sensitisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is typically included in chronic pain?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of unknown changes in the CNS due to chronic pain?

    <p>Changes that favour pain occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nucleus caudalis in the trigeminal nerve?

    <p>To modify pain signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?

    <p>Gate theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can small external fluctuations in neuronal excitability produce in chronic pain?

    <p>Full extent of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of chronic pain on a person's emotional state?

    <p>Anxiety and depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a physical manifestation of chronic pain?

    <p>Loss of appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of changes in the CNS due to chronic pain?

    <p>Pain sensitisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gate theory related to?

    <p>Pain modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurons play a crucial role in transmitting nociceptive information to the cortex?

    <p>First-order neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biopsychosocial model of pain is related to which of the following?

    <p>The interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors in pain experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mechanism by which activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors reduces pain perception?

    <p>Gate control theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Generator potential is a crucial step in which of the following processes?

    <p>Nociceptor activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for transmitting nociceptive information from the teeth and oral cavity?

    <p>Trigeminothalamic tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pain in the body?

    <p>To protect the body from injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is involved in the transmission of pain signals from the periphery to the brain?

    <p>Spinothalamic tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors reduces pain perception?

    <p>Release of GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opioid receptor is activated by dynorphins?

    <p>Kappa opioid receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mechanism by which pain signals are modified or regulated?

    <p>Modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the 1st order neurons in the afferent pathway?

    <p>To transmit signals from the periphery to the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 'Gate' in the Gate Control Theory?

    <p>To regulate the balance of inputs to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?

    <p>The interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors in pain perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pain is carried by slow, unmyelinated C fibres?

    <p>Dull, poorly localised pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nociceptors in the skin, muscle, bone, and teeth?

    <p>To respond to stimuli that cause pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that can modulate pain in the trigeminal region?

    <p>Emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers carry sharp pain from the teeth and oral cavity?

    <p>Faster, myelinated Aβ and Aδ fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of the 'Gate' for pain pathways from teeth and oral cavity?

    <p>Sensory nuclei within the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sensory nuclei within the Spinal Tract of the Trigeminal nerve?

    <p>To modulate pain signals by balancing inputs from different nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is analogous to pain from the periphery in the trigeminal region?

    <p>Pain from the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pain in the body?

    <p>To alert the body that something is wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mechanism by which activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors reduces pain perception?

    <p>Gate control theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory receptors respond to stimuli that cause pain?

    <p>Nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?

    <p>The interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the way in which pain signals are transmitted and modulated in the spinal cord?

    <p>Gate control theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nociceptors in the skin, muscle, bone, and teeth?

    <p>To respond specifically to noxious or potentially damaging stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which mediators act on nociceptors?

    <p>By selectively changing the permeability of the receptor leading to action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which pain signals are modified or regulated?

    <p>Modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the electrical signal generated by the activation of nociceptors?

    <p>Generator potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?

    <p>The complex interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of chronic pain?

    <p>Pain that persists for more than six months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which pain signals are modified or regulated?

    <p>Modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nucleus caudalis in the trigeminal nerve?

    <p>It acts as a gate for the sensory input from the trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?

    <p>The biopsychosocial model of pain is a theory that explains how pain is a complex phenomenon that involves biological, psychological, and social factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of unknown changes in the CNS due to chronic pain?

    <p>It leads to sensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mechanism by which activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors reduces pain perception?

    <p>Inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the gate theory in pain transmission?

    <p>It is a mechanism that modulates pain signals in the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of chronic pain on a person's emotional state?

    <p>It leads to depression, fear, anxiety, and anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a physical manifestation of chronic pain?

    <p>Loss of appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chronic pain on a person's daily life?

    <p>It leads to reduced mobility and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the trigeminal nerve transmits nociceptive information to the brain?

    <p>Via the trigeminothalamic tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the gate control theory, what is the mechanism by which pain perception is modulated?

    <p>Activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which pain signals are modified or regulated in the CNS?

    <p>Modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the electrical signal generated by the activation of nociceptors?

    <p>Generator potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What model of pain emphasizes the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors?

    <p>Biopsychosocial model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of pain considers the interplay between physical, psychological, and social factors?

    <p>Biopsychosocial model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key concept underlying the Gate Control Theory of pain modulation?

    <p>The balance of inputs from different fibre types determines the perception of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for transmitting nociceptive information from the periphery to the brain?

    <p>Spinothalamic tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial step in the process of nociceptor activation?

    <p>Generator potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the 2nd order neurones in the afferent pathway?

    <p>To modulate pain signals in the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for transmitting nociceptive information from the teeth and oral cavity?

    <p>The trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposes that pain perception is modulated by the interaction between large and small diameter fibers?

    <p>Gate Control Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?

    <p>The physical and emotional aspects of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opioid receptor is activated by endorphins?

    <p>Mu opioid receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for transmitting nociceptive information from the teeth and oral cavity?

    <p>The Spinal Tract of Trigeminal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial step in the transmission of nociceptive information from the periphery to the brain?

    <p>Generator Potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mechanism by which activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors reduces pain perception?

    <p>Gate Control Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurons play a crucial role in transmitting nociceptive information to the cortex?

    <p>1st order neurons in the afferent pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the 'Gate' in the Gate Control Theory?

    <p>To modulate the balance of inputs from Aβ and Aδ, and C fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the generator potential in nociceptive pathways?

    <p>To produce an action potential in nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is related to the biopsychosocial model of pain?

    <p>The psychological, social, and biological factors influencing pain perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route for the transmission of pain signals from the periphery to the brain?

    <p>Via the spinal cord to the midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the gate control theory, what type of stimulation can reduce pain perception?

    <p>Low-threshold mechanical stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nociceptors respond specifically to noxious or potentially damaging stimuli?

    <p>Nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?

    <p>Gate theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus caudalis in the trigeminal nerve?

    <p>To act as a gate for sensory input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of unknown changes in the CNS due to chronic pain?

    <p>Sensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of chronic pain?

    <p>Pain persistence over six months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of chronic pain on a person's emotional state?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gate theory related to?

    <p>Biopsychosocial model of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of changes in the CNS due to chronic pain?

    <p>Sensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can small external fluctuations in neuronal excitability produce in chronic pain?

    <p>The full extent of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

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