112 Questions
What type of fibres predominate in the Trigeminal Nerve?
Afferent fibres
Where do nociceptive inputs from the Trigeminal Nerve ascend to?
Ventroposterior nuclei of the brainstem
What is the primary function of 1st order neurones in the afferent pathway?
To transmit sharp pain or dull, poorly localised pain from the periphery to the dorsal horn
What is the function of the Trigeminal Nerve in pain transmission?
It transmits pain signals from the oro-facial tissues
What is unique about the Trigeminal Nerve in terms of sensory perception?
It has a unique feature of no normal sensory perception from within tooth pulp
According to the Gate Theory, what influences the balance of inputs to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
Balance of inputs from Aβ and Aδ fibres and C fibres and activity in fibres descending from higher centres
What is the name of the theory that explains how pain signals are modulated in the spinal cord?
Gate Control Theory
What is the name of the ganglion of the Trigeminal Nerve?
Semi-lunar ganglion
What is the type of pain carried by slow, unmyelinated C fibres?
Dull, poorly localised pain
What is the location of the cell bodies of 1st order neurones?
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG)
What is the primary function of the periaqueductal grey in pain modulation?
To regulate the intensity of pain perception
Which neurotransmitter is released from c-fibre terminals in the dorsal horn?
Glutamate
What is the result of the activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors on pain perception?
Decreased sensitivity to pain
Which opioid receptor is activated by endorphins?
Mu opioid receptor
What is the term for the mechanism by which activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors reduces pain perception?
Gate control theory
What is pain, in terms of physiological response?
A perception derived from a particular stimulus or pattern of stimuli
What type of fibers carry sharp pain from the teeth and oral cavity?
Faster myelinated Aβ and Aδ fibers
What type of sensory receptors respond to stimuli that cause pain?
Nociceptors
Where are the cell bodies of 1st order neurons located?
Trigeminal ganglion
What is the primary function of pain in the body?
To alert us to potential harm or damage
What is the site of the 'Gate' for pain pathways from teeth and oral cavity?
Sensory nuclei
What is the term for the way in which pain signals are transmitted and modulated in the spinal cord?
Gate Control Theory
What is the name of the organisation that provides a definition of pain?
International Association for the Study of Pain
Which factor can modulate pain in the trigeminal region?
Emotions, anxiety, and worry
How many neurons are involved in the afferent pathway from periphery to cortex?
3
What is the primary function of nociceptors in the skin, muscle, bone, and teeth?
Respond specifically to noxious or potentially damaging stimuli
What is the mechanism by which mediators act on nociceptors?
By selectively changing the permeability of the receptor leading to an action potential
What is the term for the electrical signal generated by the activation of nociceptors?
Generator potential
What is the route taken by pain signals from the periphery to the brain?
Via peripheral nerves, up the spinal cord, to the midbrain and into the sensory cortex
What is the term for the process by which pain signals are modified or regulated?
Modulation
What is a characteristic of chronic pain?
It tends to sensitisation
Which condition is typically included in chronic pain?
All of the above
What is the result of unknown changes in the CNS due to chronic pain?
Changes that favour pain occurrence
What is the role of the nucleus caudalis in the trigeminal nerve?
To modify pain signals
What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?
Gate theory
What can small external fluctuations in neuronal excitability produce in chronic pain?
Full extent of pain
What is the outcome of chronic pain on a person's emotional state?
Anxiety and depression
What is a physical manifestation of chronic pain?
Loss of appetite
What is the result of changes in the CNS due to chronic pain?
Pain sensitisation
What is the gate theory related to?
Pain modulation
Which neurons play a crucial role in transmitting nociceptive information to the cortex?
First-order neurons
The biopsychosocial model of pain is related to which of the following?
The interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors in pain experience
What is the term for the mechanism by which activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors reduces pain perception?
Gate control theory
Generator potential is a crucial step in which of the following processes?
Nociceptor activation
Which pathway is responsible for transmitting nociceptive information from the teeth and oral cavity?
Trigeminothalamic tract
What is the primary function of pain in the body?
To protect the body from injury
Which pathway is involved in the transmission of pain signals from the periphery to the brain?
Spinothalamic tract
What is the mechanism by which activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors reduces pain perception?
Release of GABA
Which opioid receptor is activated by dynorphins?
Kappa opioid receptor
What is the term for the mechanism by which pain signals are modified or regulated?
Modulation
What is the primary function of the 1st order neurons in the afferent pathway?
To transmit signals from the periphery to the cortex
What is the function of the 'Gate' in the Gate Control Theory?
To regulate the balance of inputs to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?
The interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors in pain perception
What type of pain is carried by slow, unmyelinated C fibres?
Dull, poorly localised pain
What is the primary function of nociceptors in the skin, muscle, bone, and teeth?
To respond to stimuli that cause pain
What is a key factor that can modulate pain in the trigeminal region?
Emotions
What type of fibers carry sharp pain from the teeth and oral cavity?
Faster, myelinated Aβ and Aδ fibres
What is the site of the 'Gate' for pain pathways from teeth and oral cavity?
Sensory nuclei within the spinal cord
What is the primary function of the sensory nuclei within the Spinal Tract of the Trigeminal nerve?
To modulate pain signals by balancing inputs from different nerve fibers
What is analogous to pain from the periphery in the trigeminal region?
Pain from the skin
What is the primary function of pain in the body?
To alert the body that something is wrong
What is the term for the mechanism by which activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors reduces pain perception?
Gate control theory
What type of sensory receptors respond to stimuli that cause pain?
Nociceptors
What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?
The interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors
What is the term for the way in which pain signals are transmitted and modulated in the spinal cord?
Gate control theory
What is the primary function of nociceptors in the skin, muscle, bone, and teeth?
To respond specifically to noxious or potentially damaging stimuli
What is the mechanism by which mediators act on nociceptors?
By selectively changing the permeability of the receptor leading to action potential
What is the term for the process by which pain signals are modified or regulated?
Modulation
What is the term for the electrical signal generated by the activation of nociceptors?
Generator potential
What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?
The complex interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors
What is the primary characteristic of chronic pain?
Pain that persists for more than six months
What is the term for the process by which pain signals are modified or regulated?
Modulation
What is the role of the nucleus caudalis in the trigeminal nerve?
It acts as a gate for the sensory input from the trigeminal nerve
What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?
The biopsychosocial model of pain is a theory that explains how pain is a complex phenomenon that involves biological, psychological, and social factors
What is the result of unknown changes in the CNS due to chronic pain?
It leads to sensitization
What is the term for the mechanism by which activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors reduces pain perception?
Inhibition
What is the role of the gate theory in pain transmission?
It is a mechanism that modulates pain signals in the spinal cord
What is the outcome of chronic pain on a person's emotional state?
It leads to depression, fear, anxiety, and anger
What is a physical manifestation of chronic pain?
Loss of appetite
What is the result of chronic pain on a person's daily life?
It leads to reduced mobility and anxiety
What is the primary mechanism by which the trigeminal nerve transmits nociceptive information to the brain?
Via the trigeminothalamic tract
According to the gate control theory, what is the mechanism by which pain perception is modulated?
Activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors
What is the term for the process by which pain signals are modified or regulated in the CNS?
Modulation
What is the term for the electrical signal generated by the activation of nociceptors?
Generator potential
What model of pain emphasizes the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors?
Biopsychosocial model
Which model of pain considers the interplay between physical, psychological, and social factors?
Biopsychosocial model
What is the key concept underlying the Gate Control Theory of pain modulation?
The balance of inputs from different fibre types determines the perception of pain
Which pathway is responsible for transmitting nociceptive information from the periphery to the brain?
Spinothalamic tract
What is the crucial step in the process of nociceptor activation?
Generator potential
What is the primary function of the 2nd order neurones in the afferent pathway?
To modulate pain signals in the spinal cord
Which pathway is responsible for transmitting nociceptive information from the teeth and oral cavity?
The trigeminal nerve
Which theory proposes that pain perception is modulated by the interaction between large and small diameter fibers?
Gate Control Theory
What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?
The physical and emotional aspects of pain
Which opioid receptor is activated by endorphins?
Mu opioid receptor
Which pathway is responsible for transmitting nociceptive information from the teeth and oral cavity?
The Spinal Tract of Trigeminal nerve
What is the crucial step in the transmission of nociceptive information from the periphery to the brain?
Generator Potential
What is the term for the mechanism by which activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptors reduces pain perception?
Gate Control Theory
Which neurons play a crucial role in transmitting nociceptive information to the cortex?
1st order neurons in the afferent pathway
What is the primary function of the 'Gate' in the Gate Control Theory?
To modulate the balance of inputs from Aβ and Aδ, and C fibres
What is the purpose of the generator potential in nociceptive pathways?
To produce an action potential in nociceptors
Which of the following is related to the biopsychosocial model of pain?
The psychological, social, and biological factors influencing pain perception
What is the primary route for the transmission of pain signals from the periphery to the brain?
Via the spinal cord to the midbrain
According to the gate control theory, what type of stimulation can reduce pain perception?
Low-threshold mechanical stimulation
What type of nociceptors respond specifically to noxious or potentially damaging stimuli?
Nociceptors
What is the biopsychosocial model of pain related to?
Gate theory
What is the primary function of the nucleus caudalis in the trigeminal nerve?
To act as a gate for sensory input
What is the result of unknown changes in the CNS due to chronic pain?
Sensitization
What is the characteristic of chronic pain?
Pain persistence over six months
What is the outcome of chronic pain on a person's emotional state?
All of the above
What is the gate theory related to?
Biopsychosocial model of pain
What is the result of changes in the CNS due to chronic pain?
Sensitization
What can small external fluctuations in neuronal excitability produce in chronic pain?
The full extent of pain
Understand the different types of pain, including cutaneous, somatic, and visceral, and how they are transmitted through the nervous system. Learn about the three neurones on the afferent pathway and their roles in pain perception.
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