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Questions and Answers
Which type of value emphasizes the usefulness and practicability?
Which type of value emphasizes the usefulness and practicability?
In cultures with low power distance, individuals are likely to expect which of the following?
In cultures with low power distance, individuals are likely to expect which of the following?
What is the primary focus of social values according to Allport's classification?
What is the primary focus of social values according to Allport's classification?
Which of the following occupations is typically associated with aesthetic values?
Which of the following occupations is typically associated with aesthetic values?
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Theoretical values are most concerned with which of the following?
Theoretical values are most concerned with which of the following?
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Which type of value is characterized by an emphasis on power and influence?
Which type of value is characterized by an emphasis on power and influence?
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What is a common feature of high power distance cultures?
What is a common feature of high power distance cultures?
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What distinguishes work-related values from other types of values?
What distinguishes work-related values from other types of values?
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Which value type is primarily linked to a religious understanding of the world?
Which value type is primarily linked to a religious understanding of the world?
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Which of the following values does not focus on human relationships or emotional attachments?
Which of the following values does not focus on human relationships or emotional attachments?
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What does uncertainty avoidance measure?
What does uncertainty avoidance measure?
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Which culture is characterized as a masculine culture?
Which culture is characterized as a masculine culture?
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In individualistic cultures, people primarily focus on:
In individualistic cultures, people primarily focus on:
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What does long-term orientation promote in a culture?
What does long-term orientation promote in a culture?
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Which is NOT a major work-related attitude?
Which is NOT a major work-related attitude?
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What component of attitude represents what a person believes?
What component of attitude represents what a person believes?
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Feminine cultures emphasize:
Feminine cultures emphasize:
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Collectivistic cultures primarily prioritize:
Collectivistic cultures primarily prioritize:
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What do attitudes indicate about an individual's response?
What do attitudes indicate about an individual's response?
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Which of the following statements about short-term orientation is correct?
Which of the following statements about short-term orientation is correct?
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What aspect of an attitude does the affective component primarily relate to?
What aspect of an attitude does the affective component primarily relate to?
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Which factor is most likely to influence the formation of attitudes based on an individual’s identity?
Which factor is most likely to influence the formation of attitudes based on an individual’s identity?
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What is cognitive dissonance?
What is cognitive dissonance?
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Which component of an attitude describes an intention to behave in a certain way?
Which component of an attitude describes an intention to behave in a certain way?
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How can education and knowledge influence attitudes?
How can education and knowledge influence attitudes?
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Which factor might lead an individual to have a negative attitude towards dishonesty?
Which factor might lead an individual to have a negative attitude towards dishonesty?
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What might cause an individual to change their attitude according to cognitive dissonance theory?
What might cause an individual to change their attitude according to cognitive dissonance theory?
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What psychological factor can influence attitudes significantly?
What psychological factor can influence attitudes significantly?
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Which aspect of social norms affects the formation of attitudes?
Which aspect of social norms affects the formation of attitudes?
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What role does personal experience play in attitude formation?
What role does personal experience play in attitude formation?
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How can people achieve a permanent change in attitudes according to the Elaboration Likelihood Theory?
How can people achieve a permanent change in attitudes according to the Elaboration Likelihood Theory?
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Which term refers to the discomfort felt when beliefs and behaviors do not align?
Which term refers to the discomfort felt when beliefs and behaviors do not align?
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What does the term 'uncertainty avoidance' stand for?
What does the term 'uncertainty avoidance' stand for?
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Which component of attitude relates to feelings and emotions?
Which component of attitude relates to feelings and emotions?
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When people smoke despite knowing its health risks, what psychological phenomenon does this illustrate?
When people smoke despite knowing its health risks, what psychological phenomenon does this illustrate?
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Which dimension indicates weak social ties within a society?
Which dimension indicates weak social ties within a society?
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Mona's negative feelings towards her boss primarily represent which component of her attitude?
Mona's negative feelings towards her boss primarily represent which component of her attitude?
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To resolve cognitive dissonance, individuals might choose to:
To resolve cognitive dissonance, individuals might choose to:
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What describes a temporary shift in attitudes influenced by a speaker's characteristics?
What describes a temporary shift in attitudes influenced by a speaker's characteristics?
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Study Notes
Organizational Behavior - Chapter 5: Values & Attitudes
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Values: Concept
- Principles or standards used to judge what's important or valuable in life.
- Normative viewpoint about proper conduct.
- Represent convictions about right/moral behavior.
Types of Values
- Theoretical: Emphasizes the discovery of truth through critical and rational thinking.
- Economic: Emphasizes usefulness and practicality.
- Aesthetic: Emphasizes form and harmony.
- Social: Prioritizes love, affection, and the well-being of humankind.
- Political: Prioritizes the acquisition of power and influence.
- Religious: Values faith in a religion providing a way to understand the world.
Work-Related Values
- Values guide behaviors in the workplace.
- Example scales include: theoretical (search for truth), economic (practicality), social (helping people), aesthetic (artistic value), political (power/influence), and religious (faith).
- Specific job types are linked to certain work-related values (e.g., professors align with theoretical values, clergy persons with religious values).
Values Across Cultures (Hofstede's Framework)
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Power Distance: The willingness to accept status and power differences within a culture.
- Low power distance cultures distribute power more equally.
- High power distance cultures accept inequality and hierarchy.
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Uncertainty Avoidance: The extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations.
- High uncertainty avoidance cultures prefer clear rules and procedures.
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Masculinity vs. Femininity: Focuses on cultural priorities regarding work & life goals.
- Masculine cultures emphasize work-related goals and assertiveness.
- Feminine cultures prioritize humanistic goals, fluid gender roles, and quality of life.
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Individualism vs. Collectivism: Focuses on individual vs. group emphasis.
- Individualistic cultures prioritize individual goals.
- Collectivistic cultures prioritize group well-being.
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Long vs. Short Term Orientation: Focuses on cultural time horizons.
- Long-term orientation values future rewards and perseverance.
- Short-term orientation values present needs and fulfilling obligations.
What is an Attitude?
- A summary evaluation (favorable or unfavorable) of an object of thought.
- Attitude objects range from concrete (pizza) to abstract (freedom of speech), and include things, people, or groups.
- Attitudes reflect an individual's positive or negative response to something.
- Important work-related attitudes include job satisfaction and organizational commitment.
Components of Attitudes
- Cognitive: Beliefs about things (are they true or false).
- Affective: Emotions and feelings (liking or disliking something).
- Behavioral: Intended actions consistent with beliefs and feelings (e.g., complaining, getting a different job).
Attitude Formation
- Personal values & beliefs: Influence attitudes (e.g., valuing honesty leads to negative views on dishonesty).
- Education & knowledge: Alters perspective on topics (more informed views on climate change lead to favorable attitudes towards remedies).
- Psychological factors: Emotions, mood, personality influence attitudes.
- Social norms: Cultural expectations define acceptable behaviour (respecting the elderly could generate empathetic attitudes).
- Group membership: Shared identity shapes attitudes (religious or political affiliations).
Changing Attitudes
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Cognitive dissonance: Discomfort arises from conflicting beliefs or behaviors.
- People may adjust their attitudes to align with beliefs or behaviors to reduce this discomfort.
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Elaboration Likelihood Theory: People adjust attitudes through
- Thoughtful consideration of a message or
- Influence from a speaker.
- Persuasive messages concerning logic will likely result in lasting attitude changes.
Discussion Questions
- The extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations relates to Uncertainty Avoidance.
- Individualism vs. Collectivism stands for a society with loose ties between individuals.
Additional Points
- Attitudes are a combination of cognitive, affective, and behavioural components.
- Personal values, education, and psychological factors influence attitude development.
- Attitudes are adaptable and may change through dissonance reduction.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of values and attitudes in organizational behavior, focusing on their importance in guiding workplace behavior. This chapter dives into various types of values, such as theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political, and religious, and how they influence professional conduct.
