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Questions and Answers
Which functional group is characterized by a carbon atom bonded to a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl carbon?
Which functional group is characterized by a carbon atom bonded to a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl carbon?
Aldehydes contain a carbonyl carbon that is bonded to two other carbon atoms.
Aldehydes contain a carbonyl carbon that is bonded to two other carbon atoms.
False
What term describes the ion formed when a carboxylic acid donates a proton?
What term describes the ion formed when a carboxylic acid donates a proton?
Carboxylate ion
Amines are classified into primary, secondary, and _________ amines.
Amines are classified into primary, secondary, and _________ amines.
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Match the following functional groups with their characteristics:
Match the following functional groups with their characteristics:
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Which statement correctly describes amines?
Which statement correctly describes amines?
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Quaternary ammonium ions contain a nitrogen atom bonded to only three carbon atoms.
Quaternary ammonium ions contain a nitrogen atom bonded to only three carbon atoms.
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What is the general behavior of carboxylic acids in terms of proton donation?
What is the general behavior of carboxylic acids in terms of proton donation?
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Which functional group is characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond?
Which functional group is characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond?
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Carboxylic acids contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom that is also double bonded to another oxygen atom.
Carboxylic acids contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom that is also double bonded to another oxygen atom.
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What is the simplest alkane?
What is the simplest alkane?
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An _____ group contains a nitrogen atom bonded to carbon chains or hydrogen.
An _____ group contains a nitrogen atom bonded to carbon chains or hydrogen.
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Which of the following molecules contains both a carboxylic acid and an amino group?
Which of the following molecules contains both a carboxylic acid and an amino group?
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Match the functional groups with their characteristics:
Match the functional groups with their characteristics:
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Alkynes can be classified as hydrocarbons because they contain both carbon and hydrogen.
Alkynes can be classified as hydrocarbons because they contain both carbon and hydrogen.
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The molecular formula for an alkane with eight carbon atoms is _____ .
The molecular formula for an alkane with eight carbon atoms is _____ .
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What type of hydrocarbon is an alkane?
What type of hydrocarbon is an alkane?
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Benzene is known to be non-carcinogenic.
Benzene is known to be non-carcinogenic.
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What is the classification of alcohols that have a carbon bonded to the OH group and to only one other carbon?
What is the classification of alcohols that have a carbon bonded to the OH group and to only one other carbon?
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Chloroform is a useful solvent in the laboratory and was one of the first anesthetic drugs used in __________.
Chloroform is a useful solvent in the laboratory and was one of the first anesthetic drugs used in __________.
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Match the following functional groups with their descriptions:
Match the following functional groups with their descriptions:
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Which of the following describes a secondary alcohol?
Which of the following describes a secondary alcohol?
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Ethers are characterized by a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms.
Ethers are characterized by a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms.
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What is the defining characteristic of alkyl halides?
What is the defining characteristic of alkyl halides?
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Study Notes
Functional Groups & Bonds in Biochemistry
- The lecture is about functional groups and bonds in biochemistry, specifically in cellular biochemistry.
- The lecturer is Dr. S. Stephenson-Clarke.
- The email address is [email protected].
- The course code is BIOC1020.
Inspirational Quote of the Day
- "You don't have to be great to start, but you have to start to be great." -Zig Ziglar
Study Skills Workshop
- The workshop is on Saturday, January 21 or Sunday, January 22.
- The workshop is from 10:00 AM to 3:00 PM
- The workshop is in Science Lecture Theatre 3 (SLT3).
- Register at https://freeonlinesurveys.com/s/CdBuzHMe.
- For more information, contact: Nadine McEwan at [email protected] or 876-977-1785, or [email protected].
Lecture 1: Functional Groups and Bonds in Chemistry
- The lecture covers functional groups and bonds in chemistry.
Learning Outcomes
- Students will be able to identify and describe types of noncovalent, reversible interactions and their importance.
- Students will be able to identify functional groups and bonds for common organic molecules and biomolecules.
- Students will be able to describe the chemical properties of water and explain how water affects biochemical interactions.
- Students will be able to define pH and explain why changes in pH may affect biochemical systems.
Cellular Foundations
- All cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) have some similar structural components: genetic material in the form of chromosomes, a membrane-bound lipid bilayer that separates the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell, and ribosomes responsible for protein synthesis.
- Cells explore four classes of biomolecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates) present in all cell types.
Biochemistry: Cellular Foundations
- A cell is a chemical factory that designs, imports, synthesizes, uses, exports and degrades a variety of chemicals (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates).
- Cells sense the amount of raw and finished chemicals, and must respond internally and externally, by increasing or decreasing production.
- Biochemistry is the branch of science dedicated to studying these chemical processes within a cell.
- Understanding biochemical processes within a cell can be used to understand disease states and the effects of toxins, drugs, and other medicines within the body.
Biochemistry: Chemistry of Living Matter
- Cell chemistry allows for a high degree of complexity and organization.
- It allows for extraction, transformation, and systematic energy use to maintain structures and perform work.
- Cell components interact dynamically and are coordinated.
- Cells can sense and respond to changes in the surrounding environment.
- Cells have the capacity for self-replication, allowing evolution to happen.
Biochemistry: Molecular Logic of Life
- Biochemistry focuses on the chemical logics behind reaction initiation and acceleration.
- Biochemistry focuses on the chemical logics behind metabolic organization and signaling specificity.
- Biochemistry focuses on the chemical logics behind information and energy storage and transfer.
The Molecular Hierarchy of Structure
- The molecular hierarchy begins with the cell and its organelles.
- Then, moving up the structure, are supramolecular complexes.
- Next is macromolecules: DNA, proteins, cellulose, etc.
- Lastly, are monomeric units: nucleotides, amino acids, and sugars.
Energy
- Living systems extract energy from chemical elements and salts and molecules residing in the lower regions of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere (total water on earth), and the upper parts of the lithosphere.
The Chemistry of Living Matter
- The same biochemistry is used by all living cells that have been studied.
- Electrons, protons, and energy are fundamental components of biochemistry and bioenergetics.
Chemistry Fundamentals: Covalent Bonding
- Covalent bonds form when a pair of electrons is shared between the nuclei of atoms or ions.
Chemistry Fundamentals: Non-Covalent Interactions
- These are weaker and varied electromagnetic inter- and intra-molecular interactions.
- They do not involve electron sharing.
- Different interactions include electrostatic, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic effects.
The Hydrophobic Effect
- Hydrophobic molecules such as benzene tend to cluster together in aqueous solutions.
- This clustering of nonpolar molecules in water is called the hydrophobic effect.
- The hydrophobic effect is a powerful organizing force in biological systems.
Chemical Foundations: Water
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Water is the most abundant component of every cell.
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Water influences every reaction that occurs in cells, even those located deep within enzymes, away from water.
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Water is a crucial component to establishing major characteristics in living systems, such as high boiling point, and high melting point.
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The properties of water have a powerful effect upon the forces of natural selection on biomolecules.
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Water's polarity allows formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules which establishes its cohesiveness.
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Water's polarity also enables it to dissolve several important biomolecules.
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Water's inability to dissolve nonpolar molecules results in the hydrophobic effect.
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Water is a polar molecule with a wide V shape.
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Water can act as a donor or acceptor for hydrogen bonds.
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Water is essential for many chemical reactions and processes in biological systems.
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Water's properties greatly influence the structure and functions of biomolecules.
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Water is capable of dissolving ionic compounds.
pH and Buffers
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pH is a measure of H+ concentration in a solution.
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Controlling pH is critical in biological systems.
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Gastric esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a pathological condition resulting when the esophagus is exposed to stomach acid.
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pH values are useful in understanding how processes occur in living systems.
Chemical Foundations: pH
- Common body fluids and tissues in humans have specific pH values.
- Buffering is achieved through several systems, such as bicarbonate-carbonate, and hemoglobin.
Chemical Foundations: Buffers
- Buffers are solutions that resist changes in pH upon the addition of acidic or basic components.
- Buffers help stabilize the pH of a solution, which is critical for several physiological reactions.
- The intracellular pH is typically more alkaline than in the extracellular environment.
Organic Functional Groups
- Organic functional groups are made up of specific bonding patterns that use atoms most often found in organic molecules (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus).
- Examples are hydroxyl groups, found in alcohols, and carboxyl groups found in carboxylic acids.
Functional Groups: Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes
- Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are all hydrocarbons - meaning that they are made up of solely carbon and hydrogen.
- Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons because the carbons share the maximum number of hydrogens possible.
- Alkenes and alkynes have double and triple bonds, respectively and are considered unsaturated.
Functional Groups: Aromatics
- Benzene and naphthalene are examples of aromatic hydrocarbons, which are known for their distinctive mothball smell, and are planar ring structures. Benzene was once commonly used, but has been shown to be carcinogenic.
Functional Groups: Alkyl Halides
- Alkyl halides are formed when carbons in an alkane chain bond to one or more halogen groups.
- Examples include chloroform, chlorodifluoromethane and bromoethane.
Functional Groups: Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols
- Alcohols are characterized by a carbon that shares a single bond with an -OH group(a hydroxyl group).
- Alcohols are capable of reacting readily with acids to create esters via the elimination of water.
- Phenols are formed through the attachment of a hydroxyl group to an aromatic ring.
- Thiols are the sulfur equivalent of alcohols.
Functional Groups: Ethers and Sulfides
- Ethers contain an oxygen covalently bonded to two carbons.
- Thioethers or sulfides are the sulfur counterpart to ethers. Diethyl ether, used in surgery, is a common lab solvent.
Functional Groups: Organic Phosphates
- A phosphate ester is a phosphate bonded to a single organic group.
- A phosphate diester refers to a phosphate with two linkages to organic groups.
- A linkage between two phosphates is called a phosphate anhydride.
Functional Groups: Aldehydes and Ketones
- Carbonyl groups are found in aldehydes and ketones, both of which contain carbon double bonded to oxygen.
- Ketones have the carbonyl carbons bonded to two carbons.
- Aldehydes have the carbonyl carbons bonded to one hydrogen and one carbon.
Functional Groups: Amines
- Amines feature nitrogen atoms with single bonds to both hydrogen and carbon.
- Amines are basic, and can be protonated to produce ammonium cations.
- Amines include primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and quaternary ammonium ions where the nitrogen bonds to four carbons.
Functional Groups: Carboxylic Acids
- Carboxylic acids have a carbon atom in a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group.
- A carboxylate ion forms when the H+ proton from the hydroxyl group in a carboxylic acid is released. The carboxylate ion is represented by -COO−.
Functional Groups: Other Examples
- Molecules such as testosterone, dihydroxyacetone phosphate(DHAP), and phenylalanine contain a combination of different chemical functional groups.
Reactions Forming Major Macromolecules
- Reactions such as esterification, phosphorylation, and amidation are essential to form macromolecules.
Recap: Common Organic Functional Groups
- Several common organic functional groups, such as alkane, ketone, alcohol, etc, are listed and their associated structural formulas and descriptions are included in the document.
Topic Overview
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Most biochemical interactions occur in aqueous solutions.
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Water molecules are polar, with opposite charges on oxygen and hydrogens.
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Water molecules interact to form hydrogen bonds.
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Weak interactions are common (electrostatic, van der Waals, hydrophobic).
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The hydrophobic effect describes the clustering of nonpolar molecules in water.
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Several common types of functional groups and biological molecules are often found in nature, such as aromatic rings, amines, carboxylic acids, etc.
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pH measures hydrogen ion concentration, an important aspect of biochemical systems.
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Buffers resist pH changes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on organic chemistry functional groups with this quiz. Questions cover topics such as carboxylic acids, amines, and their properties. Learn about the characteristics and classifications of various functional groups in organic compounds.
