Functional Groups and Their Properties

Which functional group is characteristic of alcohols?

What form is used to denote ketones?

Which functional group is found in carboxylic acids?

Which molecule is primarily composed of C, H, and O and serves as a primary energy source?

What is the primary functional group in amino acids?

What functional group is associated with esters?

Which statement about lipids is correct?

Which functional group is found in both amino acids and proteins?

How are aldehydes differentiated from ketones?

What is the primary role of carbohydrates in biological systems?

Which functional group characterizes alkyl halides?

What functional groups are involved in the formation of amides?

What type of functional group is present in ethers?

Which of the following statements is true regarding esters?

What is the function of the hydroxyl group in biological molecules?

Functional Groups

Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon chain.
They determine the specific characteristics/properties of a compound.
Represented by symbols (R, R', R"): hydrocarbon or carbon.

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl halides (R-X): Halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I) attached to a hydrocarbon chain.

Alcohols

Alcohols (R-OH): Contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to carbon.

Aldehydes/Ketones

Aldehydes (R-CHO): Carbonyl group (C=O) at the start or end of a carbon chain.
Aldehyde form: -al
Ketones (R-CO-R): Carbonyl group (C=O) in the middle of a carbon chain.
Ketone form: -one

Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids (R-COOH): Carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups together at the end of a carbon chain.
Carboxylic acid form: -acid

Ethers

Ethers (R-O-R'): Oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups.
Relatively unreactive.

Esters

Esters (R-CO-O-R'): Formed from a carboxylic acid and alcohol, releasing water (H₂O).
Ester form: -yl -oate
Low molecular weight esters have pleasant odors.

Amines

Amines (R-NH₂): Contain a nitrogen atom.
Found in proteins.

Amides

Amides (R-CONH₂): Combination of carbonyl and amino groups, formed with water (H₂O) release.
Amide form: -amide

Basic Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

Composed of C, H, and O.
Primary source of energy.
Functional groups: hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (C=O).

Lipids

Hydrophobic molecules mainly composed of C, H, and O.
Store energy and form cell membranes.
Functional groups: hydroxyl (-OH) in glycerol and carboxyl (-COOH) in fatty acids.

Proteins

Made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Carry out various functions (structure, enzymes, signaling).
Functional groups: amino (-NH₂) and carboxyl (-COOH).

This quiz covers various functional groups such as alkyl halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers, and esters. You'll learn how these groups determine the properties of organic compounds and their structural formulas. Test your knowledge on the significance and structure of each functional group.