Functional Groups and Their Properties

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Questions and Answers

Which functional group is characteristic of alcohols?

  • -NHâ‚‚
  • -COOH
  • -OH (correct)
  • -C=O

What form is used to denote ketones?

  • -al
  • -one (correct)
  • -acid
  • -yl

Which functional group is found in carboxylic acids?

  • -C=O
  • 0
  • -NHâ‚‚
  • -COOH (correct)

Which molecule is primarily composed of C, H, and O and serves as a primary energy source?

<p>Carbohydrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary functional group in amino acids?

<p>-NHâ‚‚ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional group is associated with esters?

<p>-CO-O- (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about lipids is correct?

<p>They are primarily used for energy storage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is found in both amino acids and proteins?

<p>-COOH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are aldehydes differentiated from ketones?

<p>Aldehydes have a functional group at the end of a carbon chain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of carbohydrates in biological systems?

<p>Energy source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group characterizes alkyl halides?

<p>-X (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional groups are involved in the formation of amides?

<p>Carbonyl and Amino (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of functional group is present in ethers?

<p>-O- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding esters?

<p>They are often associated with pleasant odors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hydroxyl group in biological molecules?

<p>To provide solubility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Functional Group

Atoms or groups of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon chain that give a compound specific properties.

Alkyl Halide

A hydrocarbon chain with a halogen atom (like F, Cl, Br, or I) attached.

Alcohol

A compound with a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom.

Aldehyde

A carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of a carbon chain.

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Ketone

A carbonyl group (C=O) in the middle of a carbon chain.

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Carboxylic Acid

A compound with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end of a carbon chain.

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Ether

An oxygen atom connecting two alkyl or aryl groups.

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Ester

Formed from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, releasing water.

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Amine

A compound containing a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more carbon atoms.

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Amide

Formed from the combination of a carboxylic acid and amine (or ammonia), releasing water.

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Carbohydrate

Molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often a major energy source.

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Lipid

Hydrophobic molecule mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, storing energy and forming cell membranes.

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Protein

Molecule composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, performing diverse functions in living organisms.

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Functional Group

Atoms or groups of atoms attached to a carbon skeleton that give a compound its specific properties.

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Alcohol Functional Group

A molecule with an -OH group attached to a carbon.

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Aldehyde Functional Group

A carbonyl (C=O) group at the END of the carbon chain.

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Ketone Functional Group

A carbonyl (C=O) group in the MIDDLE of the carbon chain.

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Carboxylic Acid Functional Group

A carbonyl (C=O) and a hydroxyl (-OH) group at the end of the carbon skeleton.

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Ether Functional Group

An oxygen atom connecting two hydrocarbon groups.

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Ester Functional Group

A 'carbonyl' group bonded to an 'oxygen' to another carbon chain. Formed from carboxylic acid and alcohol.

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Amine Functional Group

A nitrogen atom bonded to one or more carbon atoms.

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Amide Functional Group

Carbonyl group bonded to nitrogen. Formed from carboxylic acid and amine.

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Carbohydrate Functions

Primary source of energy for organisms; composed of C, H, and O.

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Lipids Function

Hydrophobic molecules storing energy and forming cell membranes; composed of C, H, and O.

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Protein Functions

Made of amino acids; involved in various functions like structure, enzymes, and signaling.

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Study Notes

Functional Groups

  • Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms attached to a hydrocarbon chain.
  • They determine the specific characteristics/properties of a compound.
  • Represented by symbols (R, R', R"): hydrocarbon or carbon.

Alkyl Halides

  • Alkyl halides (R-X): Halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, I) attached to a hydrocarbon chain.

Alcohols

  • Alcohols (R-OH): Contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to carbon.

Aldehydes/Ketones

  • Aldehydes (R-CHO): Carbonyl group (C=O) at the start or end of a carbon chain.
  • Aldehyde form: -al
  • Ketones (R-CO-R): Carbonyl group (C=O) in the middle of a carbon chain.
  • Ketone form: -one

Carboxylic Acids

  • Carboxylic acids (R-COOH): Carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups together at the end of a carbon chain.
  • Carboxylic acid form: -acid

Ethers

  • Ethers (R-O-R'): Oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups.
  • Relatively unreactive.

Esters

  • Esters (R-CO-O-R'): Formed from a carboxylic acid and alcohol, releasing water (Hâ‚‚O).
  • Ester form: -yl -oate
  • Low molecular weight esters have pleasant odors.

Amines

  • Amines (R-NHâ‚‚): Contain a nitrogen atom.
  • Found in proteins.

Amides

  • Amides (R-CONHâ‚‚): Combination of carbonyl and amino groups, formed with water (Hâ‚‚O) release.
  • Amide form: -amide

Basic Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

  • Composed of C, H, and O.
  • Primary source of energy.
  • Functional groups: hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (C=O).

Lipids

  • Hydrophobic molecules mainly composed of C, H, and O.
  • Store energy and form cell membranes.
  • Functional groups: hydroxyl (-OH) in glycerol and carboxyl (-COOH) in fatty acids.

Proteins

  • Made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
  • Carry out various functions (structure, enzymes, signaling).
  • Functional groups: amino (-NHâ‚‚) and carboxyl (-COOH).

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