Podcast
Questions and Answers
Hydromorphone is an example of a synthetic derivative of opioids.
Hydromorphone is an example of a synthetic derivative of opioids.
True
Codeine is primarily prescribed for severe pain management.
Codeine is primarily prescribed for severe pain management.
False
Opioids can create a sense of euphoria but are not habit-forming.
Opioids can create a sense of euphoria but are not habit-forming.
False
Morphine is commonly used before and after surgical procedures to alleviate severe pain.
Morphine is commonly used before and after surgical procedures to alleviate severe pain.
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Opioids act through specific G-protein coupled receptors to increase neuronal activities.
Opioids act through specific G-protein coupled receptors to increase neuronal activities.
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Small pupils are a sign of opioid withdrawal.
Small pupils are a sign of opioid withdrawal.
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Heroin is safer to use compared to prescription opioids.
Heroin is safer to use compared to prescription opioids.
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Kratom can produce both stimulant and opioid-like effects depending on the dose.
Kratom can produce both stimulant and opioid-like effects depending on the dose.
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One of the physical signs of opioid misuse is increased appetite.
One of the physical signs of opioid misuse is increased appetite.
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Sedation and drowsiness are common symptoms of opioid misuse.
Sedation and drowsiness are common symptoms of opioid misuse.
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Heroin is more expensive and harder to obtain than prescription pills.
Heroin is more expensive and harder to obtain than prescription pills.
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Psychotic symptoms can occur as a result of kratom use in high doses.
Psychotic symptoms can occur as a result of kratom use in high doses.
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Wearing long-sleeved shirts can be a behavioral sign of opioid misuse.
Wearing long-sleeved shirts can be a behavioral sign of opioid misuse.
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Kratom contains two major psychoactive ingredients, namely mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine.
Kratom contains two major psychoactive ingredients, namely mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine.
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Mitragynine is roughly 6 times more potent than morphine.
Mitragynine is roughly 6 times more potent than morphine.
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Kratom is exclusively consumed in liquid form.
Kratom is exclusively consumed in liquid form.
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Regular use of kratom is associated with addictive disorders.
Regular use of kratom is associated with addictive disorders.
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Fatal overdoses involving kratom are widely reported with precise testing of kratom content.
Fatal overdoses involving kratom are widely reported with precise testing of kratom content.
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Kratom has been linked to psychosis symptoms in some users.
Kratom has been linked to psychosis symptoms in some users.
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The majority of fatal overdoses involving kratom occurred without any adulteration of the product.
The majority of fatal overdoses involving kratom occurred without any adulteration of the product.
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Larger doses of kratom are associated with stimulant effects similar to cocaine.
Larger doses of kratom are associated with stimulant effects similar to cocaine.
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Study Notes
Opioids & Kratom
- Opioids come in different classes, each with unique effects.
- Opioids reduce pain, but some create feelings of euphoria.
- Opioids are highly habit-forming and addictive.
- Opioid use can lead to withdrawal symptoms.
- Withdrawal symptoms vary in severity and timeline.
- Common side effects of opioids include drowsiness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Severe side effects can include slowed vital signs, body temperature changes, dangerously low blood pressure and pulse, and overdose.
- Some common opioid drugs include morphine, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and heroin.
- Heroin is a highly addictive opioid derived from opium poppies.
- Heroin is often cut with other substances that increase its risk to the user.
- Heroin is available in powder or tar form.
- Heroin is often injected, snorted, or smoked; regardless of method use, the substance reaches the brain quickly.
- Kratom is a Southeast Asian plant traditionally used to boost energy and productivity.
- Kratom contains psychoactive compounds that affect opioid receptors.
- Kratom has stimulant effects in low doses and opioid-like effects in higher doses.
- Kratom use can lead to addiction, with similar withdrawal symptoms to those experienced by opioid users.
- Kratom's use can result in nausea, itching, sweating, dry mouth, constipation, increased urination, tachycardia, vomiting, drowsiness and loss of appetite.
- Kratom use is also linked to conditions like anorexia, weight loss, insomnia, hepatotoxicity, seizure, and hallucinations.
- Some fatalities in the US have been linked to kratom, where it was either mixed or adulterated with dangerous substances.
Opioid Classification
- Morphine analogs are closely related to morphine in their structure.
- Synthetic opioid derivatives are made in laboratories and not naturally occurring.
- Examples of these classes of opioids include morphine, diamorphine (heroin), codeine, nalorphine, levallorphan, naloxone, hydromorphone, pethidine, fentanyl, methadone, dextropropoxyphene, pentazocine, buprenorphine, etorphine, and loperamide.
Common Prescription Opioids
- Hydrocodone/oxycodone are commonly prescribed for pain.
- Morphine is often used pre and post surgery to relieve severe pain.
- Codeine is frequently prescribed for a range of mild pain. It is also sometimes used to treat persistent coughs and severe diarrhea.
How Opioids Act
- Opioids act on specific G-protein coupled receptors.
- These receptors effect changes in ion channels' states which regulate the activities of neurotransmitters.
Effects of Opioids
- Opioids reduce pain, and some cause feelings of euphoria.
- Opioids are highly addictive.
Efficacy & Addiction Liability
- The more powerful an opioid is, the greater its potential for addiction.
- This is evident through studies on various opioids, which show that strong opioids are generally associated with higher rates of addiction.
Opioid Misuse/Dependence Symptoms
- Physical signs of misuse/dependence include changes in appetite, pupil size (small or large), nausea, vomiting, sweating, and tremors.
- Behavioral signs include changes in mood, attitude, relationships, activities, attendance, secrecy, dress, and behaviours like stealing.
Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms
- Opioid withdrawal symptoms can be categorized into stages related to the amount of time since the last usage.
- Symptoms range from anxiety, insomnia, GI issues, and runny nose to increased blood pressure. tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, fever, tremors, and seizures.
Kratom (Mitragnyna speciosa)
- Kratom is a tropical plant native to Southeast Asia.
- It's traditionally used to reduce fatigue and enhance productivity among Southeast Asian farm workers.
- Kratom use can cause both stimulatory and sedative-narcotic effects.
- Kratom may involve similar brain receptors and have similar risks as other opioids.
- The composition of kratom includes several alkaloids, mitragynine being one of its most potent elements, and is roughly 13 times as potent as morphine.
- Kratom can be ingested in a multitude of ways, such as capsule, pill, extract, chewing leaves, tea, or smoking.
Effects of Kratom in Humans
- Kratom effects are dose dependent.
- Small doses can have stimulant-like effects.
- Larger doses can induce sedative-narcotic and pain-reducing effects.
- Kratom use may cause addiction evidenced by craving, compulsive use, and withdrawal symptoms.
Kratom's Effects on the Body
- Kratom use encompasses a wide array of possible side effects.
- These may include nausea, itching, sweating, dry mouth, elevated urination, tachycardia, vomiting, drowsiness, and loss of appetite.
- In severe cases, users may exhibit anorexia, weight loss, insomnia, hepatotoxicity, seizures, and hallucinations.
- Psychotic symptoms such as paranoia, delusions, and confusion linked with kratom use appear to be correlated with users in the US.
Fatal Overdoses Involving Kratom
- There are approximately 25 recorded fatal overdoses linked to kratom in the US in the 2016-2017 period.
- Many fatalities were likely caused by mixing kratom with other substances or adulterated kratom product. Testing methods are not standardized, meaning the true number is likely higher.
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Description
This quiz explores the different classes of opioids, their effects, and their potential for addiction. It covers the side effects, withdrawal symptoms, and specific drugs such as morphine and heroin, along with an introduction to kratom. Test your knowledge on these substances and their impacts on health.
