Opioids & Kratom: Understanding Pain Management
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Questions and Answers

Hydrocodone and Oxycodone are common prescription opioids used for painful conditions.

True

Opioids do not have any habit-forming characteristics.

False

Morphine is often used before and after surgical procedures to alleviate severe pain.

True

Kratom has no known effects on humans.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The efficacy of opioids is not related to their addiction liability.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heroin is less addictive than prescription opioids.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kratom has stimulant effects in low doses and opioid-like effects in high doses.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using heroin via injection is the least common method.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Small pupils are a sign of opioid intoxication.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kratom consumption can lead to psychotic symptoms and dependence.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitragynine is classified as a kappa-opioid receptor antagonist.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regular use of kratom is associated with a reduced risk of addictive disorders.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kratom's psychoactive ingredients include mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smaller doses of kratom produce effects similar to those of stimulants like cocaine.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

From July 2016 to June 2017, there were 30 fatal overdoses involving kratom in the US.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychotic symptoms related to kratom use can include hallucinations and delusions.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kratom users typically experience increased appetite and weight gain.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kratom is not known to affect the same brain receptors as morphine.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Opioids & Kratom

  • Opioids are categorized into morphine analogs and synthetic derivatives
  • Morphine analogs include morphine, diamorphine (heroin), codeine, nalorphine, levallorphan, and naloxone
  • Synthetic derivatives include hydromorphone, pethidine, fentanyl, methadone, dextropropoxyphene, pentazocine, buprenorphine, and etorphine
  • Common prescription opioids include hydrocodone, oxycodone, morphine, and codeine. Hydrocodone and oxycodone are frequently used for pain, morphine is employed before/after surgery to manage severe pain, and codeine is typically prescribed for mild pain and coughs/diarrhea.
  • Opioids act by targeting specific G-protein coupled receptors, altering ion channels to regulate neuronal activity.
  • Opioids reduce pain and can induce euphoria but are highly addictive and habit-forming.
  • Increased opioid efficacy is linked with increased addiction risk.
  • Opioid side effects include drowsiness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, constipation, pinpoint pupils, slowed vital signs, decreased body temperature/blood pressure/respiration, and overdose risks.
  • Opioid misuse/dependence shows signs in physical changes (appetite, pupils, nausea, vomiting, sweating, shaking) and behavioral changes (personality/attitude, friends, activities, attendance, isolation/secrecy, clothing, mood, stealing).
  • Opioid withdrawal symptoms vary in stages (up to 8 hours, 8-24 hours, up to 3 days), and include symptoms like anxiety, insomnia, GI problems, runny nose, dilated pupils, sweating, rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, diarrhea, fever, chills, tremors, and seizures.
  • Heroin is derived from opium poppies and is a highly addictive substance. It comes in powder or tar form. Tolerance develops rapidly. It is often mixed/cut with other substances, posing a higher danger.
  • Heroin is commonly injected, snorted, or smoked; it quickly reaches the brain.
  • Kratom, also known as "ketum," is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia.
  • Kratom is traditionally used to combat fatigue and boost work productivity.
  • Kratom consumption has stimulant effects (low doses) and opioid-like effects (high doses). This can also lead to psychotic symptoms, physiological and psychological dependence, addiction, abuse, and risks.
  • Kratom contains more than 20 alkaloids, and mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are the primary psychoactive ingredients. Mitragynine is a kappa-opioid receptor agonist, roughly 13 times more potent than morphine.
  • Kratom is used in capsule, pill, extract, leaf form, and is chewed, brewed as tea, or smoked.
  • Kratom effects depend on dosage. Low doses stimulate, higher doses act like narcotics/opiates. Regular use is linked to addictive disorders, cravings, compulsive use, and opioid withdrawal.
  • Kratom side effects include nausea, itching, sweating, dry mouth, constipation, increased urination, tachycardia, vomiting, drowsiness, weight loss, insomnia, anorexia, liver damage, seizures, and hallucinations. There are reported cases of psychosis resulting from kratom use.
  • Fatal kratom overdose occurrences have been documented, often tied to adulterated products and combination usage with other dangerous substances.

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Explore the complex world of opioids and kratom through this quiz. Gain insights into morphine analogs, synthetic derivatives, and common prescription opioids while understanding their effects and risks. Learn about how these substances interact with receptors to alter pain perception and the implications of their addictive properties.

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