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Questions and Answers
Ketum can bind to opioid receptors.
Ketum can bind to opioid receptors.
True
Contrails are a type of opioid.
Contrails are a type of opioid.
False
Opioid receptors are commonly associated with pain relief.
Opioid receptors are commonly associated with pain relief.
True
The term 'sweatacut' refers to a specific type of opioid.
The term 'sweatacut' refers to a specific type of opioid.
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The phrase 'matahitum diabesar' suggests a situation involving drug withdrawal.
The phrase 'matahitum diabesar' suggests a situation involving drug withdrawal.
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Ketum has the ability to bind to opioid receptors.
Ketum has the ability to bind to opioid receptors.
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Contrails are a form of highly potent drugs.
Contrails are a form of highly potent drugs.
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The phrase 'sweatacut' is recognized in medical terminology as a type of drug.
The phrase 'sweatacut' is recognized in medical terminology as a type of drug.
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The term 'opiod' is a misspelling of a commonly used class of drugs.
The term 'opiod' is a misspelling of a commonly used class of drugs.
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Matahitum diabesar implies a scenario related to drug cravings.
Matahitum diabesar implies a scenario related to drug cravings.
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Study Notes
Opioids & Kratom
- Opioid use can result in a variety of effects, including pain relief and euphoria
- Opioids are habit-forming and addictive
- Opioids act through specific G-protein coupled receptors, which alter ion channels to influence neuronal activity
Classification of Opioids
- Morphine analogs: Closely related to morphine, examples include morphine, diamorphine (heroin), codeine, nalorphine, levallorphan, naloxone
- Synthetic derivatives: Examples include hydromorphone, pethidine, fentanyl, methadone, dextropropoxyphene, pentazocine, buprenorphine, etorphine, loperamide
Common Prescription Opioids
- Hydrocodone and oxycodone: Commonly prescribed for various types of pain, including dental and injury-related pain
- Morphine: Often used before or after surgery to manage severe pain
- Codeine: Prescribed for mild pain, but also used to relieve coughs and severe diarrhea
How Opioids Act
- Opioids work by interacting with specific G-protein coupled receptors
- This interaction alters ion channels, affecting neuronal activity
What are the effects of opioids?
- Reduce and relieve pain
- Can produce euphoria
- Highly habit-forming and addictive
Increased Efficacy and Addiction Liability
- Increased efficacy of an opioid is typically associated with increased addiction liability.
- This means the more effective a drug is at producing a desired result, the higher the likelihood of addiction
What are the side effects of opioids?
- Drowsiness and sedation
- Mental confusion
- Nausea and vomiting
- Constipation
- Pinpoint (constricted) pupils
- Slowed or depressed vital signs
- Body temperature, blood pressure, pulse changes
- Overdose and death
Opioid Misuse/Dependence: Signs & Symptoms
- Physical signs include: Changes in appetite, pupil size (small during intoxication, large during withdrawal), nausea, vomiting, sweating, and shaking
- Behavioral signs include: Changes in personality, friends, activities, hobbies, attendance, isolation, secrecy, wearing specific clothing, mood changes, irritability, nervousness, giddiness or nodding off, and stealing
Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms
- Withdrawal symptoms can occur at various stages after opioid use.
- Symptoms range from anxiety and drug cravings in the first 8 hours, to more severe symptoms such as insomnia, GI disturbances, rhinorrhea, mydriasis, diaphoresis over 8-24 hours. Symptoms such as tachycardia, hypertension, diarrhea, fever, chills, tremors, seizures and muscle spasms over 3 days.
A little bit about heroin
- Heroin comes from the opium poppy and is used recreationally to achieve effects similar to prescription opioids
- It can be white or brown powder, or black tar
- Highly addictive; tolerance develops quickly
- Heroin is stronger, cheaper, and easier to obtain than prescription pills
How heroin is used
- Injecting heroin is the most common and dangerous method
- No matter how used, heroin enters the brain quickly
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)
- Kratom is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia
- Traditionally used to combat fatigue and improve work productivity
- Contains psychoactive ingredients: mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine
- Mitragynine classified as a kappa-opioid receptor agonist
What are the effects of Kratom in humans?
- Effects are dose-dependent
- Low doses: Stimulant effects resembling cocaine or amphetamines
- High doses: Sedative-narcotic and pain-reducing effects resembling opiates
- Kratom use is associated with addictive disorders, and withdrawal symptoms upon cessation
What does Kratom do to the body?
- Nausea, itching, sweating, dry mouth, constipation, increased urination, tachycardia, vomiting, drowsiness, and loss of appetite
- Weight loss, anorexia, insomnia, hepatotoxicity, seizure, hallucinations and confusion.
Fatal Overdoses Involving Kratom
- Data from July 2016 to June 2017 reveals a total of 25 deaths associated with kratom use.
- Most kratom-related deaths are linked to adulterated products or combined use with other potent substances
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Description
This quiz covers the classification, effects, and common prescriptions of opioids, including their mechanism of action. Understanding these substances is crucial due to their potential for addiction and various medical uses. Test your knowledge on opioids and kratom in this informative quiz.
