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Questions and Answers
Morphine analogs are considered synthetic derivatives of opioids.
Morphine analogs are considered synthetic derivatives of opioids.
False
Hydrocodone is commonly prescribed for a variety of painful conditions, including dental and injury-related pain.
Hydrocodone is commonly prescribed for a variety of painful conditions, including dental and injury-related pain.
True
Opioids act through specific G-protein coupled receptors which alter ion channels to affect neuronal activities.
Opioids act through specific G-protein coupled receptors which alter ion channels to affect neuronal activities.
True
Opioids are known for their ability to reduce pain but do not create a sense of euphoria.
Opioids are known for their ability to reduce pain but do not create a sense of euphoria.
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Increased efficacy of an opioid is usually not associated with addiction liability.
Increased efficacy of an opioid is usually not associated with addiction liability.
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Small pupil size indicates opioid withdrawal.
Small pupil size indicates opioid withdrawal.
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Kratom has both stimulant effects in low doses and opioid-like effects in high doses.
Kratom has both stimulant effects in low doses and opioid-like effects in high doses.
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Heroin is less addictive compared to prescription opioids.
Heroin is less addictive compared to prescription opioids.
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Injecting heroin is considered the safest method of use.
Injecting heroin is considered the safest method of use.
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Opioid misuse can lead to symptoms such as drowsiness and nausea.
Opioid misuse can lead to symptoms such as drowsiness and nausea.
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Opioids can lead to changes in personality and increased isolation.
Opioids can lead to changes in personality and increased isolation.
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Kratom is unique to Southeast Asia and has no known effects on productivity.
Kratom is unique to Southeast Asia and has no known effects on productivity.
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A common symptom of opioid overdose is pinpoint pupils.
A common symptom of opioid overdose is pinpoint pupils.
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Mitragynine is less potent than morphine.
Mitragynine is less potent than morphine.
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Kratom use can lead to psychosis in some individuals.
Kratom use can lead to psychosis in some individuals.
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The effects of kratom are the same regardless of the dose.
The effects of kratom are the same regardless of the dose.
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Kratom leaves can be consumed in various ways, including brewing as tea.
Kratom leaves can be consumed in various ways, including brewing as tea.
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All kratom-related deaths were due to purely kratom consumption.
All kratom-related deaths were due to purely kratom consumption.
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Kratom is safe and has no withdrawal symptoms associated with cessation.
Kratom is safe and has no withdrawal symptoms associated with cessation.
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The majority of fatal overdoses involving kratom were recorded in Ohio.
The majority of fatal overdoses involving kratom were recorded in Ohio.
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Kratom is composed of only one psychoactive ingredient.
Kratom is composed of only one psychoactive ingredient.
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Study Notes
Opioids and Kratom
- Opioids are categorized into morphine analogs and synthetic derivatives.
- Morphine analogs are structurally similar to morphine. Examples include morphine, diamorphine (heroin), codeine, nalorphine, levallorphan and naloxone.
- Synthetic derivatives include hydromorphone, pethidine, fentanyl, methadone, dextropropoxyphene, pentazocine, buprenorphine, etorphine, and loperamide.
- Common prescription opioids include hydrocodone, oxycodone, morphine, and codeine.
- Different opioids are used in different contexts; some for dental/injury pain relief, before/after surgery, for mild pain, and for coughs/diarrhea.
- Opioids act on specific G-protein coupled receptors, altering ion channel activity and neurotransmitter actions.
- Opioids produce pain relief and sometimes euphoria, but also are highly addictive.
- Increased efficacy of opioids is often correlated with a higher risk of addiction.
- Common side effects of opioids include drowsiness, mental confusion, nausea, vomiting, constipation, pinpoint pupils, slowed/depressed vital signs, changes in body temperature, blood pressure, pulse, and overdose/death.
- Opioid misuse/dependence is indicated by changes in appetite, pupil size (small for intoxication, large for withdrawal), nausea, vomiting, sweating, and shaking; behavioral changes include changes in personality, friendships, activities, grades, increased isolation/secrecy, unusually loose clothing (e.g., long-sleeve shirts), moodiness, irritability, nervousness, giddiness, nodding off, and stealing.
- Opioid withdrawal symptoms can occur up to 3 days after last use, and include anxiety, drug craving, insomnia, gastrointestinal upset, runny nose, dilated pupils, sweating, fever, chills, tremors, seizures, muscle spasms.
- Heroin is derived from opium poppies, comes in white/brown powder or black tar, is highly addictive, with rapid tolerance, and often cut/mixed with other substances.
- Heroin is injected, snorted, or smoked, causing a rapid effect.
- Kratom (Mitragna speciosa) is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia, traditionally used as a fatigue/work productivity enhancer.
- Kratom consumption has variable effects, from stimulant (small doses) to sedative-narcotic (large doses), and can lead to psychological and physiological dependence.
- Kratom is associated with similar opioid brain receptor effects as morphine, thus has addiction/abuse concerns.
- Kratom has multiple alkaloids, primarily mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine.
- Kratom preparation methods include capsules, pills, extract form, and chewing/brewing/smoking leaves, and are associated with various mild-to-severe health and mental changes.
- Kratom effects are dose-dependent: Small doses stimulate, large doses are sedative and pain-relieving. Associated with dependence and addictive disorders.
- Kratom use is associated with nausea, itching, sweating, dry mouth, constipation, increased urination, tachycardia, vomiting, drowsiness, loss of appetite, anorexia, weight loss, insomnia, hepatotoxicity, seizures, and hallucinations/delusions/confusion.
- Numerous fatal kratom overdoses have occurred, often involving adulterated products or mixing with other potent substances.
Kratom Extraction Composition
- Over 20 alkaloids in kratom have been identified.
- Two main psychoactive components are mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine.
- Mitragynine is a kappa-opioid receptor agonist, approximately 13 times more potent than morphine.
- Mitragynine/OH-mitragynine are believed to be responsible for opioid-like effects.
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Description
This quiz explores the classifications, uses, and effects of opioids, along with their addiction potential. Learn about the differences between morphine analogs and synthetic derivatives, and how opioids act on the body. By understanding these substances, you can better grasp their impact on pain management and public health.
