One Health Presentation on Zoonosis Management

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary classification of avian influenza viruses based on their ability to cause disease in birds?

Transmissible and non-transmissible

Moderate and highly resistant

Endemic and epidemic

Highly pathogenic and lowly pathogenic (correct)

Which genera of the influenza virus is specifically associated with avian influenza?

Adenovirus

Alphainfluenzavirus (correct)

Orthomyxoviridae

Paramyxoviridae

What is the intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) threshold for classifying HPAI?

Greater than 1.2 (correct)

Less than 0.5

1.0 or higher

Exactly 1.2

Which strain of avian influenza has caused severe illness in humans, including deadly outbreaks in the past?

H5N1 Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of contact through which avian influenza can be transmitted to humans?

Direct and indirect contact Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptoms can humans experience when infected with certain strains of avian influenza?

Conjunctivitis and respiratory symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ongoing global concern regarding outbreaks of avian influenza?

They are a persistent public health threat. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups are mainly responsible for the transmission of avian influenza?

Migratory birds and poultry Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of wild birds in relation to viruses affecting poultry?

They are natural reservoirs that maintain and spread viruses. Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the incidence of viral infection in wild birds?

The seasonal nature of infection. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about birds infected with certain viruses?

Infected birds can carry viruses without any symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the bird's anatomy is mentioned as being affected by viral infections?

Cerebellum. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of birds infected with certain viruses during migration?

They remain infected without displaying symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'reservoir' refer to in the context of wild birds and viruses?

Wild birds that carry and maintain viruses. Signup and view all the answers

What might be a potential consequence of the viruses carried by wild birds during migration?

Seasonal outbreaks of disease in domestic poultry. Signup and view all the answers

What was the total number of HPAI cases detected in wild bird carcasses from 2017 to 2022?

10 Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the changes introduced by The Wild Animals Protection (Amendment) Ordinance 2024?

Introducing a fixed penalty of $5,000 Signup and view all the answers

What measure was implemented to prevent pigeons from congregating on buildings?

Installation of spikes on rooftops Signup and view all the answers

Which organization collaborated with AFCD on disease reporting and webinars?

World Organization of Animal Health (WOAH) Signup and view all the answers

What type of research is conducted in collaboration with HKU?

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) studies Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum penalty under the new ordinance for violations regarding feral pigeons?

1 year of imprisonment Signup and view all the answers

Which key effort does the Centre for Health Protection focus on?

Scientific Committee on Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable issue addressed regarding feral pigeons?

Congregation of feral pigeons due to feeding Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) in chickens?

It can result in asymptomatic infections. Signup and view all the answers

What typically indicates the presence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in chickens?

Severe illness and sudden death. Signup and view all the answers

Which surveillance method is used for monitoring wild birds in specific reserves?

Daily surveillance through visual inspections. Signup and view all the answers

What action is taken if three or more infected wild birds are detected within a 3-km radius?

Closure of the Mai Po Nature Reserve or Wetland Park. Signup and view all the answers

What type of samples are collected for testing dead wild birds suspected of carrying HPAI?

Throat swab and faecal samples. Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory level is required for testing suspected cases of avian influenza?

BSL level 3. Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly detected in tests for avian influenza among wild birds?

Presence of Anti-H5 and Anti-H7 antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

What do the PCR testing methods specifically target in avian influenza detection?

AI-specific genomes. Signup and view all the answers

What will be conducted when infected wild birds are detected?

An epidemiological investigation Signup and view all the answers

How long will surveillance be conducted at a location after infected wild birds are found?

21 days Signup and view all the answers

What happens to any other dead wild birds found in the area of infection?

They are sent for testing Signup and view all the answers

What may happen to the surveillance period based on the situation?

It may be extended Signup and view all the answers

During what months do cases of HPAI typically occur?

November to February Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the investigations done by the Department of Health?

Epidemiological Investigation Signup and view all the answers

How many HPAI cases were reported from January 2017 to March 2022?

0 Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is primarily responsible for the investigation following the detection of infected wild birds?

Department of Health Signup and view all the answers

What determines the extension of the surveillance period after infected birds are detected?

Test results Signup and view all the answers

What typically prompts an epidemiological investigation by health authorities?

Detection of infected birds Signup and view all the answers

How is the surveillance of wild bird carcasses related to public health?

It helps in monitoring diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by prolonged surveillance after a detection of infected birds?

Higher risk of infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period referred to in relation to infected birds?

Duration to develop symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Zoonosis of the World

Nipah disease linked to migratory birds.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) and Avian Influenza (AI) are significant zoonotic diseases.
Avian Influenza is caused by influenza A viruses, particularly from the genus Alphainfluenzavirus.

Avian Influenza

Classified into highly pathogenic (HPAI) and lowly pathogenic (LPAI) strains based on disease severity and mortality in birds.
HPAI has an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) greater than 1.2 or a mortality rate of at least 75%.
Common subtypes causing disease include H5 and H7 strains.
Zoonotic potential is evident from close interactions with infected birds, leading to respiratory symptoms such as conjunctivitis.

Transmission

Occurs through direct and indirect contact, with environmental sources (fomites, water) playing significant roles.
Wild birds serve as natural reservoirs, often infected without clinical signs, facilitating virus spread during migration.

Clinical Signs and Mortality

LPAI typically results in mild symptoms or asymptomatic cases; severe illness and sudden death are more common in HPAI-infected birds.
Clinical manifestations vary by species and viral characteristics.

Monitoring and Surveillance

Active monitoring of wild birds in habitats like Mai Po Nature Reserve and Hong Kong Wetland Park for disease outbreaks.
Collection and testing of fecal samples from birds in public parks and research institutions.

Response to Infected Wild Birds

Closure of affected areas, such as parks, occurs when three or more infected birds are found within a 3-km radius.
Enhanced sampling and surveillance for 21 days after detection of infected birds; other deceased birds sent for testing.

Statistics

In 2021 and 2022, 8,818 and 8,153 wild bird carcasses were collected respectively, with few testing positive for HPAI.
Yearly surveillance data indicates higher HPAI case incidences during colder months, particularly from November to February.### HPAI Cases in Wild Birds
Ten cases of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) detected in wild bird carcasses from 2017 to 2022.
Cases monitored through various seasonal periods including June to December 2022.

Feral Pigeon Management

Feral pigeons pose an issue due to congregation, often exacerbated by human feeding.
Spikes installed on rooftops to deter pigeons from congregating and nesting.

Legislative Changes

The Wild Animals Protection (Amendment) Ordinance 2024 will come into effect on August 1, 2024.
Legislation expands protection to include feral pigeons.
Maximum penalty for violations increased to $100,000 and one year of imprisonment.
Fixed penalty of $5,000 introduced for specific violations.

Education and Publicity Efforts

Ongoing initiatives to educate the public about feral pigeon management and legal responsibilities.

Collaboration and Research

Partnership with the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) for disease reporting, webinars, and animal management meetings.
City University provides expert advice on disease outbreaks and animal movement risk assessments.
HKU's consultancy focuses on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among stray animals.

Laboratory Testing and Support

Collaboration with HKU for laboratory testing, including studies on SAR-CoV-2 and avian influenza.
Centre for Health Protection involved in monitoring zoonotic diseases and emerging health threats.

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Description

This presentation focuses on the management of wild and stray animals in Hong Kong from an infectious disease perspective. Led by Prof. Thomas Sit, it covers major zoonoses, the role of the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD), and key management strategies. Gain insights into the critical intersection of animal health and public safety.