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Questions and Answers
What is the primary classification of avian influenza viruses based on their ability to cause disease in birds?
What is the primary classification of avian influenza viruses based on their ability to cause disease in birds?
Which genera of the influenza virus is specifically associated with avian influenza?
Which genera of the influenza virus is specifically associated with avian influenza?
What is the intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) threshold for classifying HPAI?
What is the intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) threshold for classifying HPAI?
Which strain of avian influenza has caused severe illness in humans, including deadly outbreaks in the past?
Which strain of avian influenza has caused severe illness in humans, including deadly outbreaks in the past?
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What are the two main types of contact through which avian influenza can be transmitted to humans?
What are the two main types of contact through which avian influenza can be transmitted to humans?
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What type of symptoms can humans experience when infected with certain strains of avian influenza?
What type of symptoms can humans experience when infected with certain strains of avian influenza?
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Which of the following best describes the ongoing global concern regarding outbreaks of avian influenza?
Which of the following best describes the ongoing global concern regarding outbreaks of avian influenza?
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Which of the following groups are mainly responsible for the transmission of avian influenza?
Which of the following groups are mainly responsible for the transmission of avian influenza?
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What is the role of wild birds in relation to viruses affecting poultry?
What is the role of wild birds in relation to viruses affecting poultry?
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What factor influences the incidence of viral infection in wild birds?
What factor influences the incidence of viral infection in wild birds?
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Which statement is true about birds infected with certain viruses?
Which statement is true about birds infected with certain viruses?
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Which part of the bird's anatomy is mentioned as being affected by viral infections?
Which part of the bird's anatomy is mentioned as being affected by viral infections?
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What is a characteristic of birds infected with certain viruses during migration?
What is a characteristic of birds infected with certain viruses during migration?
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What does the term 'reservoir' refer to in the context of wild birds and viruses?
What does the term 'reservoir' refer to in the context of wild birds and viruses?
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What might be a potential consequence of the viruses carried by wild birds during migration?
What might be a potential consequence of the viruses carried by wild birds during migration?
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What was the total number of HPAI cases detected in wild bird carcasses from 2017 to 2022?
What was the total number of HPAI cases detected in wild bird carcasses from 2017 to 2022?
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What is one of the changes introduced by The Wild Animals Protection (Amendment) Ordinance 2024?
What is one of the changes introduced by The Wild Animals Protection (Amendment) Ordinance 2024?
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What measure was implemented to prevent pigeons from congregating on buildings?
What measure was implemented to prevent pigeons from congregating on buildings?
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Which organization collaborated with AFCD on disease reporting and webinars?
Which organization collaborated with AFCD on disease reporting and webinars?
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What type of research is conducted in collaboration with HKU?
What type of research is conducted in collaboration with HKU?
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What is the maximum penalty under the new ordinance for violations regarding feral pigeons?
What is the maximum penalty under the new ordinance for violations regarding feral pigeons?
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Which key effort does the Centre for Health Protection focus on?
Which key effort does the Centre for Health Protection focus on?
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What was a notable issue addressed regarding feral pigeons?
What was a notable issue addressed regarding feral pigeons?
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What is one characteristic of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) in chickens?
What is one characteristic of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) in chickens?
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What typically indicates the presence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in chickens?
What typically indicates the presence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in chickens?
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Which surveillance method is used for monitoring wild birds in specific reserves?
Which surveillance method is used for monitoring wild birds in specific reserves?
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What action is taken if three or more infected wild birds are detected within a 3-km radius?
What action is taken if three or more infected wild birds are detected within a 3-km radius?
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What type of samples are collected for testing dead wild birds suspected of carrying HPAI?
What type of samples are collected for testing dead wild birds suspected of carrying HPAI?
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Which laboratory level is required for testing suspected cases of avian influenza?
Which laboratory level is required for testing suspected cases of avian influenza?
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What is commonly detected in tests for avian influenza among wild birds?
What is commonly detected in tests for avian influenza among wild birds?
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What do the PCR testing methods specifically target in avian influenza detection?
What do the PCR testing methods specifically target in avian influenza detection?
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What will be conducted when infected wild birds are detected?
What will be conducted when infected wild birds are detected?
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How long will surveillance be conducted at a location after infected wild birds are found?
How long will surveillance be conducted at a location after infected wild birds are found?
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What happens to any other dead wild birds found in the area of infection?
What happens to any other dead wild birds found in the area of infection?
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What may happen to the surveillance period based on the situation?
What may happen to the surveillance period based on the situation?
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During what months do cases of HPAI typically occur?
During what months do cases of HPAI typically occur?
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What is the focus of the investigations done by the Department of Health?
What is the focus of the investigations done by the Department of Health?
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How many HPAI cases were reported from January 2017 to March 2022?
How many HPAI cases were reported from January 2017 to March 2022?
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Which organization is primarily responsible for the investigation following the detection of infected wild birds?
Which organization is primarily responsible for the investigation following the detection of infected wild birds?
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What determines the extension of the surveillance period after infected birds are detected?
What determines the extension of the surveillance period after infected birds are detected?
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What typically prompts an epidemiological investigation by health authorities?
What typically prompts an epidemiological investigation by health authorities?
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How is the surveillance of wild bird carcasses related to public health?
How is the surveillance of wild bird carcasses related to public health?
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What is indicated by prolonged surveillance after a detection of infected birds?
What is indicated by prolonged surveillance after a detection of infected birds?
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What is the incubation period referred to in relation to infected birds?
What is the incubation period referred to in relation to infected birds?
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Study Notes
Zoonosis of the World
- Nipah disease linked to migratory birds.
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) and Avian Influenza (AI) are significant zoonotic diseases.
- Avian Influenza is caused by influenza A viruses, particularly from the genus Alphainfluenzavirus.
Avian Influenza
- Classified into highly pathogenic (HPAI) and lowly pathogenic (LPAI) strains based on disease severity and mortality in birds.
- HPAI has an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) greater than 1.2 or a mortality rate of at least 75%.
- Common subtypes causing disease include H5 and H7 strains.
- Zoonotic potential is evident from close interactions with infected birds, leading to respiratory symptoms such as conjunctivitis.
Transmission
- Occurs through direct and indirect contact, with environmental sources (fomites, water) playing significant roles.
- Wild birds serve as natural reservoirs, often infected without clinical signs, facilitating virus spread during migration.
Clinical Signs and Mortality
- LPAI typically results in mild symptoms or asymptomatic cases; severe illness and sudden death are more common in HPAI-infected birds.
- Clinical manifestations vary by species and viral characteristics.
Monitoring and Surveillance
- Active monitoring of wild birds in habitats like Mai Po Nature Reserve and Hong Kong Wetland Park for disease outbreaks.
- Collection and testing of fecal samples from birds in public parks and research institutions.
Response to Infected Wild Birds
- Closure of affected areas, such as parks, occurs when three or more infected birds are found within a 3-km radius.
- Enhanced sampling and surveillance for 21 days after detection of infected birds; other deceased birds sent for testing.
Statistics
- In 2021 and 2022, 8,818 and 8,153 wild bird carcasses were collected respectively, with few testing positive for HPAI.
- Yearly surveillance data indicates higher HPAI case incidences during colder months, particularly from November to February.### HPAI Cases in Wild Birds
- Ten cases of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) detected in wild bird carcasses from 2017 to 2022.
- Cases monitored through various seasonal periods including June to December 2022.
Feral Pigeon Management
- Feral pigeons pose an issue due to congregation, often exacerbated by human feeding.
- Spikes installed on rooftops to deter pigeons from congregating and nesting.
Legislative Changes
- The Wild Animals Protection (Amendment) Ordinance 2024 will come into effect on August 1, 2024.
- Legislation expands protection to include feral pigeons.
- Maximum penalty for violations increased to $100,000 and one year of imprisonment.
- Fixed penalty of $5,000 introduced for specific violations.
Education and Publicity Efforts
- Ongoing initiatives to educate the public about feral pigeon management and legal responsibilities.
Collaboration and Research
- Partnership with the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) for disease reporting, webinars, and animal management meetings.
- City University provides expert advice on disease outbreaks and animal movement risk assessments.
- HKU's consultancy focuses on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among stray animals.
Laboratory Testing and Support
- Collaboration with HKU for laboratory testing, including studies on SAR-CoV-2 and avian influenza.
- Centre for Health Protection involved in monitoring zoonotic diseases and emerging health threats.
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Description
This presentation focuses on the management of wild and stray animals in Hong Kong from an infectious disease perspective. Led by Prof. Thomas Sit, it covers major zoonoses, the role of the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD), and key management strategies. Gain insights into the critical intersection of animal health and public safety.
