T1 L17: Randomised Control Trials: Vaccines (CB)
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of bias mentioned in the text?

  • Publication bias
  • Observer bias (correct)
  • Performance bias
  • Attrition bias

    • What is the ethical basis for medical research that involves assigning patients to different treatments?

  • Blinding
  • Ethical equipoise (correct)
  • Clinical equipoise
  • Randomization

    • What is the term for participants dropping out of a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)?

  • Publication bias
  • Attrition bias (correct)
  • Ethical equipoise
  • Performance bias

    • Which of the following is NOT a practical issue in randomization mentioned in the text?

    <p>Lack of research evidence suggesting a difference in efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of patients in research according to the text?

    <p>As participants and funders/fundraisers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does qualitative research in vaccine RCTs aim to do according to the text?

    <p>Generate new theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for looking at 'what', 'how', and 'why' questions rather than 'how many', 'how much', or 'how frequently' in health research?

    <p>Qualitative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of a Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)?

    <p>To provide evidence for a causal association between exposure and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between efficacy and effectiveness in the context of an RCT?

    <p>Efficacy refers to the performance of an intervention in ideal conditions, while effectiveness refers to its performance in real-life conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of qualitative research in designing and conducting RCTs?

    <p>To inform the design and conduct of the RCT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a confounder in the context of a study design?

    <p>A variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable causing a spurious association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does randomisation limit the influence of confounding in an RCT?

    <p>Randomisation ensures that confounders are equally distributed between intervention and control groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)?

    <p>A study in which participants are randomly allocated between an intervention and a control group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a follow-up study in the context of an RCT?

    <p>To assess the long-term effects of an intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was the most common motivator for willingness to participate in future HPV vaccine trials according to the qualitative assessment?

    <p>Altruism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was the most common barrier for willingness to participate in future HPV vaccine trials according to the qualitative assessment?

    <p>Concerns about vaccine safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the outcomes of the qualitative assessment on willingness to participate in future HPV vaccine trials?

    <p>Impact on future trial recruitment and consent processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the qualitative research conducted by Masaryk & Hatoková in 2016?

    <p>To understand why parenting interventions appear to fail/sometimes increase vaccine refusal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the results of the qualitative focus group conducted by Masaryk & Hatoková?

    <p>Participants wanted more information and to understand different perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best defense against confounding in research studies?

    <p>Randomization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some remaining sources of bias in randomized controlled trials (RCTs)?

    <p>Selection bias and observer/detection bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to capture patient perspectives across the RCT research cycle?

    <p>Qualitative research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a third variable causing a spurious association between two other variables?

    <p>Confounding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of randomization in a study design?

    <p>It ensures that all participants have an equal chance of receiving each intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of randomization in a study design?

    <p>To eliminate bias and ensure a causal association between the intervention and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is selection bias in the context of a study design?

    <p>Systematic differences between baseline characteristics of groups that are compared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is observer/detection bias in the context of a study design?

    <p>Systematic differences in the way information is collected for the groups being studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Bradford-Hill criterion suggests that there should be a rational scientific basis for the association between exposure and disease?

    <p>Plausibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is internal validity in the context of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

    <p>The extent to which the observed difference between groups can be correctly attributed to the intervention tested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is external validity in the context of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

    <p>The extent to which outcomes observed in the study apply to people outside the sample included in the trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study provides experimental evidence that is relevant for inferring a causal association between exposure and outcome?

    <p>Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) over other study designs in terms of satisfying the criterion of temporality?

    <p>RCTs provide a more controlled environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the extent to which the observed difference between groups in a study can be correctly attributed to the intervention tested?

    <p>Internal validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) in terms of assessing causal associations?

    <p>To provide evidence for causal association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential solution to address selection bias in randomized controlled trials (RCTs)?

    <p>Increasing the sample size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the potential imbalance in demographic and clinical characteristics when allocating people to different groups in an RCT?

    <p>Selection bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of retention in an RCT?

    <p>To measure outcomes consistently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the potential difference in outcome measurement between intervention and control groups in an RCT?

    <p>Observer/detection bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes observational studies?

    <p>Studies that observe and compare health outcomes without manipulating exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is confounding in the context of vaccine research?

    <p>The presence of factors that influence both vaccine behavior and health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the finding of the study on flu vaccines and elderly patients?

    <p>Flu vaccines had positive outcomes for elderly patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of confounding variables in statistical models?

    <p>To adjust for the impact of confounding on the relationship between exposure and outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the best description of a randomised controlled trial (RCT)?

    <p>A study design used to test both the efficacy and effectiveness of interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of randomisation in a randomised controlled trial (RCT)?

    <p>To eliminate confounding variables and reduce bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between efficacy and effectiveness in the context of a randomised controlled trial (RCT)?

    <p>Efficacy refers to testing interventions in controlled conditions, while effectiveness refers to testing interventions in real-life conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best single study evidence for establishing a causal association between exposure and outcome?

    <p>Randomised controlled trial (RCT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of randomization in a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)?

    <p>To ensure equal distribution of confounding variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a confounder in the context of a study design?

    <p>A variable that influences both the dependent and independent variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of qualitative research in designing and conducting Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)?

    <p>To assess the feasibility of conducting the RCT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a third variable causing a spurious association between two other variables?

    <p>Confounding variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these best describes internal validity in the context of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

    <p>The extent to which the trial accurately measures the outcome of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of randomization in a study design?

    <p>To prevent systematic differences between the intervention and control groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is selection bias in the context of a study design?

    <p>The lack of representativeness of the trial sample to the wider population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is observer/detection bias in the context of a study design?

    <p>The differences in outcome measurement between different groups in the trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of double-blinding in a study design?

    <p>To ensure that participants and observers are unaware of the treatment group assignments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using blinding or masking in a study design?

    <p>It helps to minimize bias in the measurement of outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to measure the outcome in the same way in each group in a double-blind study?

    <p>To ensure that any differences in outcomes are due to the treatment and not the measurement method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about blinding or masking in a study design?

    <p>It can take different forms depending on the study design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of blinding or masking in a study design?

    <p>To minimize bias in the measurement of outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using double-blinding in a study design?

    <p>It helps to minimize bias in the measurement of outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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