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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a function of astrocytes?
Which of the following is a function of astrocytes?
- Metabolism (correct)
- Monocyte-lineage population
- Lining of fluid compartments
- Structure
Which of the following is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid?
Which of the following is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid?
- Choroid plexus (correct)
- Arachnoid granulations
- Basal ganglia
- Oligodendrocytes
What is the normal volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the human body?
What is the normal volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the human body?
- 150ml (correct)
- 300ml
- 202ml
- 450ml
What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system?
What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system?
What is the term for obstruction to cerebrospinal fluid flow?
What is the term for obstruction to cerebrospinal fluid flow?
Which cells line the fluid compartments in the brain?
Which cells line the fluid compartments in the brain?
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
What is the term for shrinking of brain tissue, as seen in dementias?
What is the term for shrinking of brain tissue, as seen in dementias?
What is the function of microglial cells?
What is the function of microglial cells?
What is the function of meninges in the brain?
What is the function of meninges in the brain?
Which of the following is a consequence of raised intracranial pressure?
Which of the following is a consequence of raised intracranial pressure?
What is the most common cause of space occupying lesions in the brain?
What is the most common cause of space occupying lesions in the brain?
What type of injury occurs when the brain hits the opposite side of the cranium due to its inertia?
What type of injury occurs when the brain hits the opposite side of the cranium due to its inertia?
What type of vascular injury is associated with severe trauma and arterial laceration?
What type of vascular injury is associated with severe trauma and arterial laceration?
Which artery is typically involved in extradural hematoma?
Which artery is typically involved in extradural hematoma?
What is the most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage?
What is the most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage?
What type of infarction is characterized by liquefactive necrosis?
What type of infarction is characterized by liquefactive necrosis?
What is the histological feature of acute neuronal injury in cerebral infarction?
What is the histological feature of acute neuronal injury in cerebral infarction?
What is the main cause of irreversible hypoxic/ischemic insult in cerebral infarction?
What is the main cause of irreversible hypoxic/ischemic insult in cerebral infarction?
What is the most common type of CNS/PNS neoplasm?
What is the most common type of CNS/PNS neoplasm?
Which percentage of childhood tumours are located in the CNS?
Which percentage of childhood tumours are located in the CNS?
Which type of tumours are considered as primary CNS tumours?
Which type of tumours are considered as primary CNS tumours?
Which type of tumour can be very dangerous?
Which type of tumour can be very dangerous?
Which infection is NOT mentioned in the text?
Which infection is NOT mentioned in the text?
Which pathogen is NOT mentioned as a cause of bacterial meningitis?
Which pathogen is NOT mentioned as a cause of bacterial meningitis?
Which tumour is obstructing the foramen magnum with medulla and cord compression?
Which tumour is obstructing the foramen magnum with medulla and cord compression?
Which percentage of childhood tumours are metastatic?
Which percentage of childhood tumours are metastatic?
Which type of tumour is NOT mentioned as a peripheral nerve sheath tumour?
Which type of tumour is NOT mentioned as a peripheral nerve sheath tumour?
Which type of tumour is NOT mentioned as a neural tumour?
Which type of tumour is NOT mentioned as a neural tumour?
Which type of tumour is considered as a poorly differentiated neoplasm?
Which type of tumour is considered as a poorly differentiated neoplasm?
What are the four main structures in the head?
What are the four main structures in the head?
What is the main focus of neuropathology?
What is the main focus of neuropathology?
What are the bodies of neurons called?
What are the bodies of neurons called?
Which type of cells are responsible for the regulation of metabolism in the brain?
Which type of cells are responsible for the regulation of metabolism in the brain?
What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the brain?
What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the brain?
Which layer of the meninges is directly attached to the inside of the skull bone?
Which layer of the meninges is directly attached to the inside of the skull bone?
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
What is the most life-threatening complication of raised intracranial pressure?
What is the most life-threatening complication of raised intracranial pressure?
Which cranial nerve is affected by isolated transient tonsil herniation?
Which cranial nerve is affected by isolated transient tonsil herniation?
What is the characteristic feature of tonsil herniation on imaging?
What is the characteristic feature of tonsil herniation on imaging?
Which area of the brain is most affected by subfields in herniation?
Which area of the brain is most affected by subfields in herniation?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the ventricular system in the brain?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the ventricular system in the brain?
Where does the CSF flow after leaving the fourth ventricle?
Where does the CSF flow after leaving the fourth ventricle?
What can cause obstruction to CSF flow in the ventricular system?
What can cause obstruction to CSF flow in the ventricular system?
What can lead to expansion of the intra cerebral ventricular system and a form of hydrocephalus?
What can lead to expansion of the intra cerebral ventricular system and a form of hydrocephalus?
Which term describes the compression of the medulla oblongata and cerebellum, resulting in a cone shape?
Which term describes the compression of the medulla oblongata and cerebellum, resulting in a cone shape?
What is the immediate cause of death in a patient with raised intracranial pressure?
What is the immediate cause of death in a patient with raised intracranial pressure?
What is the standard procedure to relieve cerebral edema in traumatic brain injuries?
What is the standard procedure to relieve cerebral edema in traumatic brain injuries?
What is the term for the diffuse increase in fluid content of brain tissues?
What is the term for the diffuse increase in fluid content of brain tissues?
Which type of hydrocephalus is characterized by obstruction of the arachnoid granulation?
Which type of hydrocephalus is characterized by obstruction of the arachnoid granulation?
What is the main cause of raised intracranial pressure?
What is the main cause of raised intracranial pressure?
What happens if intracranial pressure is not alleviated or relieved?
What happens if intracranial pressure is not alleviated or relieved?
Which condition can cause an increase in intracranial pressure by occupying space within the skull?
Which condition can cause an increase in intracranial pressure by occupying space within the skull?
What is the term used to describe a bruise-like injury to the brain tissue?
What is the term used to describe a bruise-like injury to the brain tissue?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a type of lesion that can result from head trauma?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a type of lesion that can result from head trauma?
What is the term used to describe the injury that occurs when the brain hits the opposite side of the cranium due to its inertia?
What is the term used to describe the injury that occurs when the brain hits the opposite side of the cranium due to its inertia?
What is the term used to describe a space-occupying lesion caused by infarction?
What is the term used to describe a space-occupying lesion caused by infarction?
Study Notes
Functions and Properties of Brain Cells
- Astrocytes support neurons, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and regulate blood flow.
- Oligodendrocytes produce myelin, which insulates axons in the central nervous system.
- Microglial cells act as the immune defense in the brain, removing debris and pathogens.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- The choroid plexus is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Normal volume of CSF in the human body is approximately 150 milliliters.
- CSF cushions the brain, removes waste, and provides buoyancy, reducing pressure on the skull.
- Obstruction to CSF flow is termed "hydrocephalus."
- CSF flows from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space.
Meninges and Brain Tissue
- The meninges protect the brain and spinal cord, consisting of three layers: dura mater (outer), arachnoid mater (middle), and pia mater (inner).
- Cerebral atrophy refers to the shrinking of brain tissue common in dementias.
Intracranial Pressure and Associated Conditions
- Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) can lead to life-threatening conditions, including brain herniation.
- Common causes of raised ICP include tumors, hemorrhage, and edema.
- Isolated transient tonsil herniation affects the brainstem and can impact cranial nerves.
Brain Injuries and Hemorrhages
- Contrecoup injury occurs when the brain hits the opposite side of the skull due to inertia.
- Extradural hematoma typically involves the middle meningeal artery.
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage is most commonly caused by a ruptured aneurysm.
Infarctions and Neoplasms
- Liquefactive necrosis characterizes certain types of cerebral infarctions.
- Acute neuronal injury in cerebral infarction is marked by cell death and the presence of eosinophilic cytoplasm.
- The most common CNS neoplasm is glioma; approximately 20% of childhood tumors are CNS-related.
Tumors and Metastatic Conditions
- Primary CNS tumors include gliomas, meningiomas, and medulloblastomas.
- A foramen magnum tumor can compress the medulla and spinal cord.
- About 10% of childhood tumors are metastatic, originating from other body sites.
Pathology and Hydration Issues
- Neuropathology focuses on diseases of the nervous system.
- Edema is the diffuse increase in fluid content within brain tissues.
- Obstruction of arachnoid granulation leads to communicating hydrocephalus.
Clinical Procedures and Risks
- The standard procedure to relieve cerebral edema includes decompressive craniectomy.
- Unrelieved raised ICP can lead to brain death or significant disability.
- A bruise-like injury to brain tissue is referred to as a contusion, a type of focal brain injury.
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Description
Test your knowledge of neuropathology with this quiz! Explore topics such as histology of neural tissues, cerebrospinal fluid circulation, traumatic intracranial injury, stroke, neoplasms, and infections. Perfect for medical students and professionals looking to enhance their understanding of neuropathology.
