T1 L7: Neuropathology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a function of astrocytes?

  • Metabolism (correct)
  • Monocyte-lineage population
  • Lining of fluid compartments
  • Structure

    • Which of the following is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid?

  • Choroid plexus (correct)
  • Arachnoid granulations
  • Basal ganglia
  • Oligodendrocytes

    • What is the normal volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the human body?

  • 150ml (correct)
  • 300ml
  • 202ml
  • 450ml

    • What is the role of cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system?

    <p>Cushioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for obstruction to cerebrospinal fluid flow?

    <p>Hydrocephalus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells line the fluid compartments in the brain?

    <p>Ependymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

    <p>Structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for shrinking of brain tissue, as seen in dementias?

    <p>Ex vacuo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microglial cells?

    <p>Monocyte-lineage population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of meninges in the brain?

    <p>Protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of raised intracranial pressure?

    <p>Compression of the medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of space occupying lesions in the brain?

    <p>Neoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury occurs when the brain hits the opposite side of the cranium due to its inertia?

    <p>Contusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vascular injury is associated with severe trauma and arterial laceration?

    <p>Extradural hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is typically involved in extradural hematoma?

    <p>Middle meningeal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

    <p>Ruptured berry aneurysm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infarction is characterized by liquefactive necrosis?

    <p>Ischemic infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the histological feature of acute neuronal injury in cerebral infarction?

    <p>Red neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of irreversible hypoxic/ischemic insult in cerebral infarction?

    <p>Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of CNS/PNS neoplasm?

    <p>Neoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which percentage of childhood tumours are located in the CNS?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumours are considered as primary CNS tumours?

    <p>Gliomas and meningiomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumour can be very dangerous?

    <p>Medulloblastoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is NOT mentioned in the text?

    <p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is NOT mentioned as a cause of bacterial meningitis?

    <p>Candida albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tumour is obstructing the foramen magnum with medulla and cord compression?

    <p>Meningioma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which percentage of childhood tumours are metastatic?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumour is NOT mentioned as a peripheral nerve sheath tumour?

    <p>Medulloblastoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumour is NOT mentioned as a neural tumour?

    <p>Astrocytoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumour is considered as a poorly differentiated neoplasm?

    <p>Medulloblastoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main structures in the head?

    <p>Neurons, glia, meninges, blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of neuropathology?

    <p>Fluid circulation and injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the bodies of neurons called?

    <p>Nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are responsible for the regulation of metabolism in the brain?

    <p>Astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the brain?

    <p>Formation of myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the meninges is directly attached to the inside of the skull bone?

    <p>Dura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?

    <p>Cushioning of the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most life-threatening complication of raised intracranial pressure?

    <p>Tonsil herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is affected by isolated transient tonsil herniation?

    <p>Ocular materials nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of tonsil herniation on imaging?

    <p>Circular indentation on the cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is most affected by subfields in herniation?

    <p>Vasculature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the ventricular system in the brain?

    <p>The aqueduct connects the third and fourth ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the CSF flow after leaving the fourth ventricle?

    <p>Into the superior sagittal sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause obstruction to CSF flow in the ventricular system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to expansion of the intra cerebral ventricular system and a form of hydrocephalus?

    <p>Shrinkage or loss of brain tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the compression of the medulla oblongata and cerebellum, resulting in a cone shape?

    <p>Coning herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate cause of death in a patient with raised intracranial pressure?

    <p>Coning herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard procedure to relieve cerebral edema in traumatic brain injuries?

    <p>Surgery to remove part of the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the diffuse increase in fluid content of brain tissues?

    <p>Cerebral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hydrocephalus is characterized by obstruction of the arachnoid granulation?

    <p>Communicating hydrocephalus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of raised intracranial pressure?

    <p>Infection and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if intracranial pressure is not alleviated or relieved?

    <p>Herniation occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause an increase in intracranial pressure by occupying space within the skull?

    <p>Tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a bruise-like injury to the brain tissue?

    <p>Contusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a type of lesion that can result from head trauma?

    <p>Hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the injury that occurs when the brain hits the opposite side of the cranium due to its inertia?

    <p>Coup injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a space-occupying lesion caused by infarction?

    <p>Infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Functions and Properties of Brain Cells

    • Astrocytes support neurons, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and regulate blood flow.
    • Oligodendrocytes produce myelin, which insulates axons in the central nervous system.
    • Microglial cells act as the immune defense in the brain, removing debris and pathogens.

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    • The choroid plexus is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
    • Normal volume of CSF in the human body is approximately 150 milliliters.
    • CSF cushions the brain, removes waste, and provides buoyancy, reducing pressure on the skull.
    • Obstruction to CSF flow is termed "hydrocephalus."
    • CSF flows from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space.

    Meninges and Brain Tissue

    • The meninges protect the brain and spinal cord, consisting of three layers: dura mater (outer), arachnoid mater (middle), and pia mater (inner).
    • Cerebral atrophy refers to the shrinking of brain tissue common in dementias.

    Intracranial Pressure and Associated Conditions

    • Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) can lead to life-threatening conditions, including brain herniation.
    • Common causes of raised ICP include tumors, hemorrhage, and edema.
    • Isolated transient tonsil herniation affects the brainstem and can impact cranial nerves.

    Brain Injuries and Hemorrhages

    • Contrecoup injury occurs when the brain hits the opposite side of the skull due to inertia.
    • Extradural hematoma typically involves the middle meningeal artery.
    • Subarachnoid hemorrhage is most commonly caused by a ruptured aneurysm.

    Infarctions and Neoplasms

    • Liquefactive necrosis characterizes certain types of cerebral infarctions.
    • Acute neuronal injury in cerebral infarction is marked by cell death and the presence of eosinophilic cytoplasm.
    • The most common CNS neoplasm is glioma; approximately 20% of childhood tumors are CNS-related.

    Tumors and Metastatic Conditions

    • Primary CNS tumors include gliomas, meningiomas, and medulloblastomas.
    • A foramen magnum tumor can compress the medulla and spinal cord.
    • About 10% of childhood tumors are metastatic, originating from other body sites.

    Pathology and Hydration Issues

    • Neuropathology focuses on diseases of the nervous system.
    • Edema is the diffuse increase in fluid content within brain tissues.
    • Obstruction of arachnoid granulation leads to communicating hydrocephalus.

    Clinical Procedures and Risks

    • The standard procedure to relieve cerebral edema includes decompressive craniectomy.
    • Unrelieved raised ICP can lead to brain death or significant disability.
    • A bruise-like injury to brain tissue is referred to as a contusion, a type of focal brain injury.

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    Neuropathology 2023-24 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of neuropathology with this quiz! Explore topics such as histology of neural tissues, cerebrospinal fluid circulation, traumatic intracranial injury, stroke, neoplasms, and infections. Perfect for medical students and professionals looking to enhance their understanding of neuropathology.

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