30 Questions
Which neurotransmitter is involved in the feedback mechanism from the postsynaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron in long-term potentiation (LTP)?
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Which enzyme is activated by Nitric Oxide (NO) in the presynaptic terminal during LTP?
Guanylyl cyclase
What is the duration of the early phase of LTP?
Minutes to hours
What is the duration of the late phase of LTP?
Days to months
What is the effect of low frequency stimulation (LFS) on EPSP amplitude?
Decrease
What is the role of the NMDA receptor in both LTP and spatial learning?
It is essential for both LTP and spatial learning
What is the effect of Alcohol on LTP processes?
It disrupts LTP processes
Which drug is controversial in terms of improving memory?
physostigmine
What is the molecular mechanism for memory called?
Long Term Potentiation
Which aspect of memory and LTP formation is involved in CREB?
consolidation
Which stimulation is involved in LTD?
High Frequency stimulation
What is the function of physostigmine?
Boost cholinergic function
Which drug is known to have cognitive enhancing effects in impaired subjects?
acetylcholinesterases
Which learning process involves activity dependent synaptogenesis?
Cerebellar learning
Which protein is involved in memory and LTP formation?
cAMP Response Element Binding protein
Which drug is known to restore performance in animals with lesions?
cholinergic drugs
According to the text, what is the definition of learning?
The response of the brain to environmental events
What is Hebb's rule?
All of the above
What are the three types of memory mentioned in the text?
Semantic, Episodic, and Procedural memory
According to the text, what is the connectome?
The map of neural connections in the brain
What is LTP?
Long-Term Potentiation
What is LTD?
Long-Term Depression
According to the text, what are some drugs that influence memory?
Alcohol, Benzodiazepines, and Cholinergic drugs
What is the mechanism by which learning occurs and memories can be formed in the brain?
Strengthening and weakening synaptic connections
What happens when the hippocampal neuron is individually stimulated by Cell A, Cell B, or Cell C?
The EPSP created is not sufficient to fire an action potential
What happens when cells A and B are activated together in the hippocampal neuron?
The coincident EPSPs may summate sufficiently to cause an action potential
What is the result of repeatedly making the association between the sight and smell of a rose in the hippocampal neuron?
The synapses of cells A and B will be strengthened
What is the role of long-term potentiation (LTP) in synaptic strengthening?
LTP is the mechanism underlying synaptic strengthening
What is the specific characteristic of LTP at one synapse?
LTP at one synapse is not propagated to adjacent synapses
What is the role of CaMKII in synaptic strengthening?
CaMKII phosphorylates existing AMPA receptors and stimulates the insertion of new AMPA receptors
Study Notes
Neuroscience of Learning and Memory: Key Concepts and Drug Effects
- The presentation is for personal use only and must not be copied or used outside of BSMS.
- The brain encodes memories at different levels: electrophysiological, molecular, and structural.
- Drugs like alcohol, benzodiazepines, cholinergic drugs, and cognitive enhancers can influence memory.
- The connectome is the map of neural connections in the brain.
- Learning involves adaptive changes in synaptic connectivity and alters behavior.
- Hebb's rule states that neurons that fire together wire together, strengthening synaptic connections.
- Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a mechanism underlying synaptic strengthening and memory formation.
- LTP involves the activation of protein kinase C and calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), leading to the insertion of new AMPA receptors.
- LTP can also involve presynaptic events and the release of neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO).
- Late phase LTP requires new protein synthesis and can involve morphological changes and the establishment of new synapses.
- Long-term depression (LTD) is the opposite of LTP and involves a decrease in synaptic strength.
- NMDA receptor activity in the hippocampus is essential for both LTP and spatial learning, as blocking it with AP5 blocks both processes.
Quiz: Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) Test your knowledge on the molecular switches involved in maintaining increased excitability of neurons after a depolarizing stimulus. Explore the presynaptic events and the role of retrograde neurotransmitter, Nitric Oxide (NO), in the process of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP). Discover the intricate relationship between calcium influx, NMDA channels, and Nitric oxide synthase.
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