Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

How do you achieve encapsulation in object-oriented programming?

By hiding internal implementation details of an object from the outside world through data hiding and abstraction.

What is the purpose of the synchronized keyword in multithreading?

To ensure that only one thread accesses a resource at a time.

What is the difference between method overloading and method overriding in OOP?

Method overloading is when multiple methods have the same name but different parameters, while method overriding is when a child class provides a different implementation of a method already defined in its parent class.

How do you create a thread in Java?

<p>By extending the <code>Thread</code> class or implementing the <code>Runnable</code> interface, and then calling the <code>start()</code> method to begin thread execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the wait() and notify() methods in multithreading?

<p>To facilitate thread communication, allowing threads to wait for a resource to become available or to notify other threads when a resource is available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thread safety, and why is it important in multithreading?

<p>Thread safety ensures that multiple threads do not interfere with each other's execution, which is important to prevent data corruption and ensure program correctness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a class and an object in OOP?

<p>A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects, while an object is an instance of a class, having its own state and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does inheritance work in OOP?

<p>A child class inherits properties and behavior from a parent class, and can also override or extend the parent class's behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is abstraction in OOP, and how does it differ from encapsulation?

<p>Abstraction is showing only necessary information to the outside world while hiding internal details, whereas encapsulation is hiding internal implementation details of an object from the outside world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a thread and a process in multithreading?

<p>A thread is a separate flow of execution, while a process is a program in execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

  • Key Concepts:
    • Classes and Objects
    • Inheritance
    • Polymorphism
    • Encapsulation
    • Abstraction
  • Class and Object:
    • A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects.
    • An object is an instance of a class, having its own state and behavior.
  • Inheritance:
    • A child class inherits properties and behavior from a parent class.
    • Child class can also override or extend the parent class's behavior.
  • Polymorphism:
    • Method Overloading: multiple methods with same name but different parameters.
    • Method Overriding: a child class provides a different implementation of a method already defined in its parent class.
  • Encapsulation:
    • Hiding internal implementation details of an object from the outside world.
    • Data Hiding and Abstraction.
  • Abstraction:
    • Showing only necessary information to the outside world while hiding internal details.

Multithreading

  • Key Concepts:
    • Thread: a separate flow of execution.
    • Process: a program in execution.
    • Multithreading: multiple threads within a process.
  • Thread Creation:
    • Extending Thread class or implementing Runnable interface.
    • start() method to begin thread execution.
  • Thread Synchronization:
    • synchronized keyword to ensure only one thread accesses a resource at a time.
    • wait() and notify() methods for thread communication.
  • Thread Safety:
    • Ensuring that multiple threads do not interfere with each other's execution.

Data Structures

  • Array:
    • A fixed-size, homogeneous collection of elements.
    • Elements are accessed using an index.
  • ArrayList:
    • A dynamic-size, homogeneous collection of elements.
    • Elements are accessed using an index.
  • LinkedList:
    • A dynamic-size, homogeneous collection of elements.
    • Elements are accessed using a reference to the next node.
  • Stack and Queue:
    • Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) and First-In-First-Out (FIFO) data structures.
    • Implemented using arrays or linked lists.

Java Syntax

  • Variables:
    • Declared using type variableName syntax.
    • Primitive types (e.g., int, double) and reference types (e.g., String).
  • Operators:
    • Arithmetic operators (e.g., +, -, *, /)
    • Comparison operators (e.g., ==, !=, &gt;, &lt;)
    • Logical operators (e.g., &amp;&amp;, ||, !)
  • Control Structures:
    • Conditional statements (e.g., if, if-else)
    • Loops (e.g., for, while, do-while)
    • Switch statements

Exception Handling

  • Try-Catch Block:
    • try block contains code that may throw an exception.
    • catch block handles the exception.
  • Types of Exceptions:
    • Checked Exceptions: compiler checks for exceptions at compile-time.
    • Unchecked Exceptions: compiler does not check for exceptions at compile-time.
  • Throwing Exceptions:
    • throw keyword to throw an exception.
    • throws keyword to declare an exception in a method signature.
  • Custom Exceptions:
    • Creating custom exception classes by extending Exception class.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

  • A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects, defining their properties and behavior.
  • An object is an instance of a class, having its own state and behavior.
  • Classes support inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.

Inheritance

  • A child class inherits properties and behavior from a parent class.
  • A child class can override or extend the parent class's behavior.

Polymorphism

  • Method Overloading: multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.
  • Method Overriding: a child class provides a different implementation of a method already defined in its parent class.

Encapsulation

  • Hiding internal implementation details of an object from the outside world.
  • Data Hiding and Abstraction are achieved through encapsulation.

Abstraction

  • Showing only necessary information to the outside world while hiding internal details.

Multithreading

  • A thread is a separate flow of execution.
  • A process is a program in execution.
  • Multithreading involves multiple threads within a process.

Thread Creation

  • Threads can be created by extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface.
  • The start() method begins thread execution.

Thread Synchronization

  • The synchronized keyword ensures only one thread accesses a resource at a time.
  • wait() and notify() methods enable thread communication.

Thread Safety

  • Ensuring that multiple threads do not interfere with each other's execution is crucial.

Data Structures

Array

  • A fixed-size, homogeneous collection of elements.
  • Elements are accessed using an index.

ArrayList

  • A dynamic-size, homogeneous collection of elements.
  • Elements are accessed using an index.

LinkedList

  • A dynamic-size, homogeneous collection of elements.
  • Elements are accessed using a reference to the next node.

Stack and Queue

  • Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) and First-In-First-Out (FIFO) data structures.
  • Implemented using arrays or linked lists.

Java Syntax

Variables

  • Declared using type variableName syntax.
  • Primitive types (e.g., int, double) and reference types (e.g., String) are supported.

Operators

  • Arithmetic operators (e.g., +, -, *, /) are used for mathematical operations.
  • Comparison operators (e.g., ==, !=, &gt;, &lt;) are used for conditional checks.

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Test your understanding of key OOP concepts, including classes and objects, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction. See how well you grasp the principles of object-oriented programming.

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