Python Fundamentals

Object-Oriented Programming

• Classes and Objects:
  • A class defines a blueprint for creating objects
  • An object is an instance of a class
  • Classes have attributes (data) and methods (functions)
• Inheritance:
  • A child class inherits attributes and methods from a parent class
  • Child classes can override parent class methods
• Polymorphism:
  • Methods can have different implementations depending on the object type
  • Method overriding and method overloading

Data Structures

• Lists:
  • Ordered collection of items
  • Indexed, sliced, and concatenated
  • Mutable (can be modified)
• Tuples:
  • Ordered, immutable collection of items
  • Used for data that should not be changed
• Dictionaries:
  • Unordered collection of key-value pairs
  • Keys are unique, values can be any type

Basic Syntax

• Indentation:
  • Used to define block-level structure
  • Four spaces are standard for indentation
• Variables:
  • Assigned using the assignment operator (=)
  • Can be reassigned
• Print Function:
  • Used to output text to the console
  • print() function

Conditionals

• If Statements:
  • Used for conditional execution of code
  • if, elif, and else clauses
• Conditional Expressions:
  • Used for concise conditional statements
  • value_if_true if condition else value_if_false
• Logical Operators:
  • and, or, and not operators

Loops

• For Loops:
  • Used for iterating over sequences
  • for variable in iterable:
• While Loops:
  • Used for conditional iteration
  • while condition:
• Break and Continue:
  • break exits the loop
  • continue skips to the next iteration

Functions

• Defining Functions:
  • def function_name(parameters):
  • Functions can take arguments and return values
• Function Calls:
  • Functions can be called with arguments
  • function_name(arg1, arg2, ...)
• Lambda Functions:
  • Concise, single-line functions
  • lambda arguments: expression

Object-Oriented Programming

• A class defines a blueprint for creating objects, which are instances of the class, with attributes (data) and methods (functions).
• Attributes are data that describe the object, while methods are functions that operate on the object.

Inheritance

• A child class inherits attributes and methods from a parent class, allowing for code reuse and a hierarchical organization of classes.
• Child classes can override parent class methods to provide specific implementations.

Polymorphism

• Methods can have different implementations depending on the object type, allowing for more flexibility and generic coding.
• Method overriding and method overloading are two forms of polymorphism.

Data Structures

Lists

• A list is an ordered collection of items, which can be indexed, sliced, and concatenated.
• Lists are mutable, meaning they can be modified after creation.

Tuples

• A tuple is an ordered, immutable collection of items, used for data that should not be changed.
• Tuples are similar to lists but are immutable.

Dictionaries

• A dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs, where keys are unique and values can be any type.
• Dictionaries are mutable, meaning they can be modified after creation.

Basic Syntax

Indentation

• Indentation is used to define block-level structure in code, with four spaces being the standard indentation.

Variables

• Variables are assigned using the assignment operator (=) and can be reassigned.
• Variables can hold any type of value, including strings, numbers, and more.

Print Function

• The print() function is used to output text to the console.
• The print() function can take multiple arguments, which are separated by spaces.

Conditionals

If Statements

• If statements are used for conditional execution of code, with if, elif, and else clauses.
• If statements evaluate a condition and execute a block of code if the condition is true.

Conditional Expressions

• Conditional expressions are used for concise conditional statements, with a syntax of value_if_true if condition else value_if_false.
• Conditional expressions evaluate a condition and return one of two values based on the outcome.

Logical Operators

• Logical operators (and, or, and not) are used to combine conditional statements and evaluate complex conditions.

Loops

For Loops

• For loops are used for iterating over sequences, with a syntax of for variable in iterable:.
• For loops execute a block of code for each item in the iterable.

While Loops

• While loops are used for conditional iteration, with a syntax of while condition:.
• While loops execute a block of code while a condition is true.

Break and Continue

• The break statement exits the loop, while the continue statement skips to the next iteration.
• Both statements are used to control the flow of loops.

Functions

Defining Functions

• Functions are defined using the def keyword, with a syntax of def function_name(parameters):.
• Functions can take arguments and return values.

Function Calls

• Functions can be called with arguments, using a syntax of function_name(arg1, arg2,...).
• Functions can be used to organize code and reduce repetition.

Lambda Functions

• Lambda functions are concise, single-line functions, with a syntax of lambda arguments: expression.
• Lambda functions are used for small, one-time-use functions.

Object-Oriented Programming

• A class defines a blueprint for creating objects, which have attributes (data) and methods (functions) that operate on that data.
• Inheritance allows a child class to inherit attributes and methods from a parent class, enabling code reuse and hierarchy.
• Polymorphism enables methods with the same name to behave differently based on the class of the object, increasing flexibility.
• Encapsulation hides the internal state of an object, exposing only necessary information through methods, promoting data hiding and abstraction.

Data Structures

• Lists are ordered collections of items that can be modified, allowing for insertion, deletion, and indexing.
• Tuples are ordered, immutable collections of items that cannot be changed after creation.
• Dictionaries are unordered collections of key-value pairs, allowing for fast lookups and flexible data storage.
• Sets are unordered collections of unique items, providing a mathematical set data structure.

Basic Syntax

• Indentation uses spaces (not tabs) to denote block-level structure, providing visual hierarchy and readability.
• Variables are assigned values using a single equals sign (=), while comparison is performed with a double equals sign (==).
• Basic operators include arithmetic (+, -, *, /, **) and logical operators (and, or, not).
• The print() function is used to output text to the console, providing a basic output mechanism.

Conditionals

• If-else statements use if condition: code, elif condition: code, else: code syntax to control program flow.
• Conditional operators (and, or, not) enable complex conditional logic and flow control.
• Comparison operators (==, !=, >, <, etc.) evaluate conditions and enable decision-making in code.