HANDOUT 4 GIT
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Questions and Answers

Which compound stores energy in highly energetic phosphate bonds?

  • ATP (correct)
  • ADP
  • Phosphocreatine
  • Creatine

    • What type of work is involved in muscle contractions and heart pumping?

  • Electrical works
  • Mechanical works (correct)
  • Biological works
  • Chemical works

    • Which compound can transfer energy to ATP as needed?

  • Phosphocreatine (correct)
  • ATP
  • Creatine
  • ADP

    • What allows more storage of energy in phosphocreatine?

    <p>Decrease in ATP concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process maintains a concentration gradient for K+ and Na+ across the membrane?

    <p>Nerve conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main type of energy produced by chemical reactions in the body?

    <p>Aerobic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when fat is used as a source of energy?

    <p>0.7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of calorimetry involves measuring the heat produced with direct methods by a calorimeter?

    <p>Direct calorimetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which conditions is the metabolic rate measured to determine the basal metabolic rate?

    <p>After a night of restful sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the rate of heat production calculated in indirect calorimetry using the spirometer?

    <p>By calculating the energy equivalent of oxygen consumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor decreases the metabolic rate according to the text?

    <p>Old age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the respiratory quotient (RQ) indicate about metabolism in the body?

    <p>Main type of food stuffs used for metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of anaerobic energy production according to the text?

    <p>Results in accumulation of lactic acid in muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Basal metabolic rate' refers to:

    <p>Minimal energy expenditure by a body to exist under specific conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does direct calorimetry measure?

    <p>Heat produced with direct methods by a calorimeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases metabolic rate according to the text?

    <p>Daily activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does indirect calorimetry measure?

    <p>Energy equivalent of oxygen consumed using spirometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the long-term factor of regulation that probably sends signals to the hypothalamus?

    <p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts to increase insulin release from pancreatic islets?

    <p>Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of obesity according to the text?

    <p>Imbalance between intake and expenditure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of obesity as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Inanition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may occur if there is a genetic absence of the OB gene or a defective gene?

    <p>Excessive eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is a lesion in the satiety center (ventromedial nuclei) of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Excessive eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does leptin do in the body?

    <p>Inhibits feeding and increases metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does GIP stand for?

    <p>&quot;Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes obesity in childhood according to the text?

    <p>Over nutrition resulting in new formation of fat cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does inanition refer to?

    <p>Starvation or severe lack of food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during starvation in terms of energy sources?

    <p>Carbohydrates are used first, then proteins, then fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment approach for obesity mentioned in the text?

    <p>Decreasing input by a diet or other procedures, and increasing output by exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of food provides the highest energy value per gram?

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate daily intake of protein needed to maintain the normal store of protein?

    <p>30-55 grams/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What syndrome may result from insufficient intake of proteins for a long time?

    <p>Kwashiorkor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to thermodynamics laws, what happens to energy in the body?

    <p>Energy neither be created nor destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive energy balance result from?

    <p>Intake of food with energetic values greater than expenditures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area in the brain is known to contribute to the regulation of feeding?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory of hunger and feeding regulation is related to an increase in glucose utilization by the effect of insulin?

    <p>Glucostatic theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by adipose cells and acts on specific receptors in the hypothalamic centers to reduce feeding behaviors?

    <p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tends to happen to food intake in cold conditions?

    <p>You eat more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract affect feeding behaviors?

    <p>It suppresses feeding centers through signals transmitted by the vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological factor influences eating habits by determining the number of meals per day?

    <p>Social customs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does distension of the stomach and duodenum cause?

    <p>Activation of signals that suppress feeding centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound plays a role in transferring energy to ATP as needed?

    <p>Phosphocreatine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that maintains a concentration gradient for K+ and Na+ across the membrane?

    <p>Active transport by pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of work is involved in muscle contractions and heart pumping?

    <p>Mechanical work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to thermodynamics laws, what happens to energy in the body?

    <p>Energy is conserved and transformed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main type of energy produced by chemical reactions in the body?

    <p>Heat energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Basal metabolic rate' refers to:

    <p>Metabolic rate at rest under standardized conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main type of energy produced by chemical reactions in the body?

    <p>Aerobic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when fat is used as a source of energy?

    <p>0.7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does direct calorimetry measure?

    <p>Heat production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the respiratory quotient (RQ) indicate about metabolism in the body?

    <p>Type of food stuffs used for metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor decreases the metabolic rate according to the text?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What syndrome may result from insufficient intake of proteins for a long time?

    <p>Kwashiorkor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during starvation in terms of energy sources?

    <p>Shift from carbohydrate to fat metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate daily intake of protein needed to maintain the normal store of protein?

    <p>$0.8g/kg$ body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Basal metabolic rate' refers to:

    <p>Minimal energy expenditure by a body to exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Inanition' refer to:

    <p>$The exhausted condition that results from lack of food and water for a long time$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound can transfer energy to ATP as needed?

    <p>Phosphocreatine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of obesity according to the text?

    <p>Positive energy balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes obesity according to the text?

    <p>Maintained and continued imbalance between intake and expenditure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a lesion in the satiety center of the hypothalamus cause according to the text?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of childhood over nutrition according to the text?

    <p>Results in new formation of fat cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of obesity as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Inanition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the congenital absence of the OB gene lead to according to the text?

    <p>Generation of obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible factor causing inanition according to the text?

    <p>Inadequate availability of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment approach for obesity mentioned in the text?

    <p>Decreasing the input by a diet or other procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does neuropeptide Y, dopamine, and serotonin affect according to the text?

    <p>Generation of obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested to result from overnutrition of a child according to the text?

    <p>Lifetime obesity by increasing the number of fat cells in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during starvation in terms of energy sources according to the text?

    <p>The body begins using fat as a source of energy at a constant rate over the starvation period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of obesity according to genetic factors mentioned in the text?

    <p>Absence of leptin receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is known about obesity according to genetic factors mentioned in the text?

    <p>Leptin producing gene in adipocytes is called OB gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the energetic value of food constituents?

    <p>Carbohydrates provide about 4Cal/g, proteins provide about 9Cal/g, and fat provides about 4Cal/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What syndrome may result from insufficient intake of proteins for a long time?

    <p>Kwashiorkor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released when there is an increase in the glucose level of blood and causes an increase in glucose utilization and production of ATP by cells?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which conditions is there a tendency for overeating?

    <p>Cold conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of high storage of fat in adipose cells result in the secretion of?

    <p>Leptin hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor decreases the metabolic rate according to the text?

    <p>High environmental temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does psychic blindness result from according to the text?

    <p>Destruction of amygdala in both sides of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory is related to an increase in glucose utilization by the effect of insulin rather than the concentration of glucose in blood?

    <p>Glucostatic theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Eating 3 meals per day no matter our hunger and satiety status" is influenced by which psychological factor according to the text?

    <p>&quot;Psychosocial factors&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "The presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract will result in the release of hormones." This statement is related to which short-term regulation factor according to the text?

    <p>&quot;Hormonal factors&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What type of work is involved in muscle contractions and heart pumping?"

    <p>&quot;Mechanical work&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic does anaerobic energy production have according to the text?

    <p>Produces lactic acid as a byproduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phosphocreatine can transfer energy to ATP as needed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leptin, produced by adipose cells, acts to reduce feeding behaviors by affecting specific receptors in the hypothalamic centers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Direct calorimetry measures the heat produced with direct methods by a calorimeter.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indirect calorimetry measures respiratory gases to determine metabolic rate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory quotient (RQ) when fat is used as a source of energy is less than 1.0.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The congenital absence of the OB gene leads to obesity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaerobic energy can only be generated when there is a lack of oxygen such as in hypoxia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The aerobic energy is produced by non-enzymatic reactions in our body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory quotient (RQ) when fat is used as a source of energy is 1.0.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The metabolic rate for people living in tropical regions is higher.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fever causes a decrease in the metabolic rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Growth hormones decrease the metabolic rate by 15-20%.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'ideal basal metabolic rate' can be related to the actual basal metabolic rate for a person as a % increase or decrease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sleep increases the metabolic rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroid hormones decrease the metabolic rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Direct calorimetry measures the rate of heat production by indirect methods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malnutrition increases the metabolic rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main type of energy produced by chemical reactions in the body is anaerobic energy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholecystokinin is released in response to protein in the duodenum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) acts to decrease insulin release from pancreatic islets.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypothalamic signals have no role in regulating feeding behaviors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obesity is defined as an increase in the body weight related to an increase in muscle mass rather than an increase in adipose tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leptin inhibits feeding and decreases the metabolic rate in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anorexia nervosa leads to excessive eating and obesity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The over nutrition of a child will result in the hypertrophy of existing fat cells rather than the formation of new fat cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starvation leads to the utilization of carbohydrates as the primary source of energy for the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inanition can be caused by excessive availability of food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins undergo rapid depletion in the third phase before death during starvation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leptin receptor deficiency may result in obesity due to impaired satiety feeling.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Childhood over nutrition will result in a lifetime obesity by increasing the number of fat cells in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The energetic value of food generated by oxidation is about 4Cal/g carbohydrate, 9Cal/g fat, and 4Cal/g proteins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An intake of 30-55 grams/day is needed to maintain the normal store of protein.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency syndrome characterized by failure to grow, lethargy, mental depression, and hypo-proteinic edema.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to thermodynamics laws, energy cannot be created or destroyed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive energy balance results from an increase in energy input over the output.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The absence of proteins from the diet for a long time may result in a syndrome known as Marasmus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The destruction of amygdala in both sides of the brain results in psychic blindness in the choice of food.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cold conditions, there is a tendency for decreased food intake.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leptin hormone acts on specific receptors in the hypothalamic centers to increase feeding behaviors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eating 3 meals per day, regardless of hunger and satiety status, is determined by physiological factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastrointestinal filling causes activation of signals that are transmitted by the vagus to stimulate the activities of feeding centers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of high storage of fat in adipose cells results in the secretion of ghrelin hormone that acts on specific receptors in the hypothalamic centers to increase feeding behaviors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phosphocreatine can transfer energy to ATP when needed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract does not result in the release of any hormones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leptin hormone acts to increase feeding behaviors by affecting specific receptors in the hypothalamic centers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main type of energy produced by chemical reactions in the body is anaerobic energy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leptin inhibits feeding and decreases the metabolic rate in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Direct calorimetry measures the rate of heat production by indirect methods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most of the energy produced in our body is in the form of anaerobic energy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory quotient when fat is used as a source of energy is 0.7.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The metabolic rate under basal conditions is known as the maximal energy expenditure by a body to exist.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Direct calorimetry measures the heat produced by the body using an opened circuit method.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The metabolic rate is not affected by age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Daily activities such as lying in bed all day do not affect the metabolic rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The metabolic rate for people living in tropical regions is higher.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malnutrition increases the metabolic rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroid hormones decrease the metabolic rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sleep decreases the metabolic rate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leptin hormone acts on specific receptors in the hypothalamic centers to decrease feeding behaviors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food intake tends to increase in cold conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The energetic value of food is about 9Cal/g for carbohydrates, 4Cal/g for fat, and 4Cal/g for proteins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To maintain the normal store of protein, an intake of about 10-30 grams/day is needed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The absence of proteins from the diet for a long time may result in a syndrome known as Marasmus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive energy balance results from an increase in energy input over the output.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The destruction of amygdala in the brain will result in 'psychic blindness' in the choice of food.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to thermodynamics laws, energy can be created and destroyed within the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychosocial factors do not influence eating and food intake.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cold conditions, there is a tendency for decreased food intake.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of high storage of fat in adipose cells results in the secretion of leptin hormone that acts to reduce feeding behaviors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Body temperature has no relation to food intake and feeding behaviors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eating 3 meals per day is solely determined by physiological hunger and satiety status.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Short term regulation of food intake includes signals such as gastrointestinal filling and hormonal factors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholecystokinin is released in response to fat in the duodenum. Insulin is increased by the presence of food in the duodenum and the high level of glucose in the blood. The presence of fat and carbohydrates in chyme will stimulate release of GIP. This hormone acts also to increase insulin release from pancreatic islets. Other name for this hormone is (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The long-term and the short-term factors of regulations are probably sending signals to the hypothalamus. Some neurotransmitters that are released in that area have been known to affect the feeding behaviors. Such as neuropeptide Y, dopamine, and serotonin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obesity results from maintained and continued imbalance between the intake and the expenditure (positive energy balance) for a long time, which results in the deposition of fat in the adipose tissue stores.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic factors play a role in obesity, with recent studies linking genetic abnormalities to OB gene (leptin producing gene in adipocytes). Leptin inhibits feeding and increases the metabolic rate in the body. The congenital absence of this gene or the presence of a defective gene (due to mutation) will result in the generation of obesity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychogenic factors can contribute to obesity, such as eating habits indicating that healthy person must eat 3 filling meals a day. Some people may eat to release tension, especially during or after stress.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Childhood over nutrition can result in new formation of fat cells, increasing the capacity of adipose cells to store more fat, potentially leading to lifetime obesity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inanition can be caused by excessive availability of food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Direct calorimetry measures the heat produced with direct methods by a calorimeter.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malnutrition increases the metabolic rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Basal metabolic rate' refers to a person's metabolic rate at rest.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Inanition' refers to a condition caused by inadequate availability of food.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Ideal basal metabolic rate' can be related to the actual basal metabolic rate for a person as a % increase or decrease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

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