Nutrition Chapter 5: The Lipids Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are the three types of fatty acids?

Saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids.

What are the AMDR for fats?

20-35% of kcals.

How many carbons are in long chain fatty acids? Medium? Short?

LCFA: 16-18 Carbons, MCFA: 12-14 Carbons, SCFA: 4-8 Carbons.

Give an example of shorthand to write fatty acids.

First number indicates the number of carbon atoms. Second number indicates the number of double bonds. For example, Steric Acid is 18:0. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 essential fatty acids? What type of fatty acids are they?

Omega 3 (linolenic) and Omega 6 (linoleic); they must be obtained from our diet. Signup and view all the answers

What are trans fats? Why were they created?

Trans fats act like saturated fat; they were created during the hydrogenation process where some double bonds change from cis to trans. Signup and view all the answers

Define Hydrogenation.

Protects against oxidation and makes liquid vegetable oils solid at room temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cholesterol in the body? What vitamin does cholesterol make?

Cholesterol is needed to make bile acids, sex hormones, adrenal hormones, and vitamin D. Signup and view all the answers

What are phospholipids? What is their solubility?

Phospholipids have fatty acids soluble in lipids and a phosphate group soluble in water. They are used as emulsifiers. Signup and view all the answers

What fats/oils are classified as saturated?

Tropical oils (coconut and palm oil), butter, and beef fat. Signup and view all the answers

What fats/oils are classified as monounsaturated?

Olive and canola oil. Signup and view all the answers

What fats/oils are classified as polyunsaturated?

Oils such as corn, cottonseed, walnut, sunflower, soybean, and safflower. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bile in fat digestion? What is emulsification of fats?

Bile acids act as emulsifiers to help mix water and fat; bile is either reabsorbed or excreted. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CCK in fat digestion?

The fat in the small intestine triggers the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), which signals the gallbladder to release bile. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different lipoproteins and the role of each?

LDL: 'bad cholesterol'; VLDL: transports cholesterol and fatty acids; HDL: 'good cholesterol' that carries cholesterol back to the liver; Chylomicron: transports diet-derived lipids. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 components of the lipoproteins?

Chylomicron, very-low density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which lipoprotein is the largest? Why? What is it mostly made of?

Chylomicrons are the largest; they are mostly made of triglycerides. Signup and view all the answers

What are the health benefits of Omega 3 fatty acids?

They offer a protective effect on health, including lower rates of heart disease, and support brain development. Signup and view all the answers

What increases your blood cholesterol more, saturated fat or dietary cholesterol?

Saturated fat increases blood cholesterol more dramatically than dietary cholesterol. Signup and view all the answers

What are the desired blood levels for cholesterol?

In blood 100 mg/dL; Blood pressure: >130/85; Abnormal obesity (waist circumference >40 inches men and >35 inches women). Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fatty Acids

Types include saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) contain 16-18 carbons, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) have 12-14 carbons, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) consist of 4-8 carbons.

Dietary Recommendations

Acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for fats is 20-35% of total caloric intake.

Essential Fatty Acids

Omega-3 (linolenic) and Omega-6 (linoleic) are essential fats that must be obtained through diet.

Trans Fats

Trans fats mimic saturated fats and are created during hydrogenation, which alters double bonds from cis to trans configurations.

Hydrogenation

Process that protects oils against oxidation and converts liquid oils into solid fats at room temperature.

Cholesterol

Vital for producing bile acids, sex hormones, adrenal hormones, and vitamin D; also serves as a structural component of cell membranes.

Phospholipids

Contain a fatty acid portion that is lipid-soluble and a phosphate group that is water-soluble; act as emulsifiers in food (e.g., lecithin).

Saturated Fats

Common sources include tropical oils (coconut and palm oil), butter, and beef fat.

Monounsaturated Fats

Found in olive and canola oils.

Polyunsaturated Fats

Present in oils such as corn, cottonseed, walnut, sunflower, soybean, and safflower.

Digestion and Emulsification

Bile acids function as emulsifiers, helping to mix fats with water, enhancing fat digestion. Bile is recycled or excreted, affecting body cholesterol levels.

Role of CCK

The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) is released in response to fatty foods in the small intestine, stimulating bile release from the gallbladder.

Lipoproteins

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) transports triglycerides and cholesterol to body cells, known as "bad cholesterol."
VLDL (very-low-density lipoproteins) distributes liver-made cholesterol and fatty acids and eventually becomes LDL as it shrinks.
HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is regarded as "good cholesterol," carrying cholesterol back to the liver for recycling.
Chylomicron is the largest lipoprotein, transporting diet-derived lipids from the small intestine through the lymphatic system.

Health Benefits of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Associated with lower rates of heart disease, enhanced brain development, cognition, mood regulation, and reduced LDL levels.

Impact on Blood Cholesterol

Saturated fats significantly raise blood cholesterol levels compared to dietary cholesterol, which has a lesser effect.

Desired Cholesterol Levels

Target blood cholesterol level is 100 mg/dL, with blood pressure recommended to be below 130/85. For abnormal obesity, waist circumference thresholds are >40 inches for men and >35 inches for women.

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Description

Test your knowledge of lipids with these flashcards covering essential concepts such as fatty acid types and dietary recommendations. This quiz includes definitions and examples that are crucial for understanding fats and their role in nutrition.