Biochemistry of Lipids and Fatty Acids
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What is the significance of the omega carbon in fatty acids?

  • It defines the length of the fatty acid chain.
  • It denotes the last carbon in the hydrocarbon chain. (correct)
  • It is the site for the addition of hydrogen atoms.
  • It indicates the position of double bonds in the fatty acid.

    • Which of the following fatty acids is considered an omega-3 fatty acid?

  • Stearic acid
  • Palmitic acid
  • Alpha-linolenic acid (correct)
  • Linoleic acid

    • How does the presence of double bonds in fatty acids relate to rancidity?

  • Decreases vulnerability to spoiling.
  • Increases stability against oxidation.
  • Increases susceptibility to oxidation and rancidity. (correct)
  • Leads to a slower rate of rancidity.

    • What is a primary cardioprotective effect of omega-3 fatty acids?

    <p>Decreased risk of cardiovascular disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fat is more likely to lead to increased LDL cholesterol levels?

    <p>Trans fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to vegetable oils during the process of hydrogenation?

    <p>They are solidified and converted to solid fats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes trans fats?

    <p>They are chemically identical to saturated fats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food item is least likely to contain trans fats?

    <p>Fruits and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid is classified as omega-3?

    <p>Linolenic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main dietary source of arachidonic acid?

    <p>Linoleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the physical properties of fatty acids is correct?

    <p>Melting temperature increases for saturated fatty acids with longer carbon chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid has the formula $CH_3(CH_2)_7CH=CH(CH_2)_7COOH$?

    <p>Palmitoleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fatty acids is NOT considered essential?

    <p>Palmitic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in the number of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids affect their solubility?

    <p>It increases solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does rancidity have on fatty acids?

    <p>It results in the formation of free radicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT describe a property of saturated fatty acids?

    <p>They contain one or more double bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the properties of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>Saturated fatty acids generally have higher melting points compared to unsaturated fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid is considered essential and must be obtained through diet?

    <p>Polyunsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do omega-3 fatty acids have on cardiovascular health?

    <p>They have a cardioprotective effect and reduce the risk of heart diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most likely to lead to rancidity in fatty acids?

    <p>Oxidation due to light and air exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids classified based on their carbon double bond structure?

    <p>Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, while monounsaturated contain one and polyunsaturated contain two or more.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do unsaturated fatty acids typically have due to their molecular structure?

    <p>A kink in the chain due to cis double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of calorie yield from fatty acids, how does it compare to carbohydrates and proteins?

    <p>Fat yields more than double the calories per gram compared to carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds can be synthesized from saturated fatty acids in the liver?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid is produced as a result of hydrogenation of oleic acid?

    <p>Stearic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary source is rich in omega-3 fatty acids?

    <p>Salmon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the relative stability of fatty acids is accurate?

    <p>Unsaturated fatty acids with multiple double bonds are less stable than those with fewer double bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid is synthesized from the partial hydrogenation process?

    <p>Trans fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food is most likely to contain trans fats?

    <p>Fried chicken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid would not typically contribute to an increase in serum triglycerides?

    <p>Omega-3 fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the health impacts of trans fats is correct?

    <p>Trans fats raise LDL cholesterol levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid is characterized as omega-6 and is often consumed in diets?

    <p>Linoleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid is classified as a saturated fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms?

    <p>Stearic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following unsaturated fatty acids has the highest number of double bonds?

    <p>Linolenic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between chain length and melting temperature in saturated fatty acids?

    <p>Melting temperature increases with increasing chain length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural formula for oleic acid?

    <p>$CH_3(CH_2)_7CH=CH(CH_2)_7COOH$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid must be obtained through diet and is classified as omega-6?

    <p>Linoleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increasing the number of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids have on their melting points?

    <p>Melting points decrease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fatty acids contains three double bonds and is essential in the diet?

    <p>Linolenic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid would you classify as having a 16-carbon chain and one double bond?

    <p>Palmitoleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid is likely to contain more than one double bond?

    <p>Polyunsaturated fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical consequence associated with high consumption of saturated fatty acids?

    <p>Increased levels of LDL cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a cis double bond in fatty acids?

    <p>It results in a kink in the fatty acid chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food source is most likely to contain high levels of saturated fatty acids?

    <p>Butter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fatty acids is classified as monounsaturated?

    <p>Oleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do polyunsaturated fatty acids have on diabetes mellitus type 2?

    <p>They reduce the risk of developing the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the calorie yield from fatty acids compared to carbohydrates and proteins is correct?

    <p>Fatty acids yield more energy per gram than carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following food categories is least likely to contain high levels of omega-3 fatty acids?

    <p>Red meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid is most likely to increase serum triglyceride levels due to dietary intake?

    <p>Elaidic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in relation to rancidity?

    <p>More susceptible to oxidation than saturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid is characterized by the presence of at least one cis double bond?

    <p>Monounsaturated fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components primarily contributes to the formation of trans fats during food processing?

    <p>Partial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a typical industrial use of hydrogenated vegetable oils?

    <p>Making margarine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common dietary source for obtaining linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid?

    <p>Safflower oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect is commonly observed with high consumption of trans fats compared to unsaturated fats?

    <p>Increase in cardiovascular disease risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid has three double bonds and is essential in the human diet?

    <p>Linolenic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fatty acids is classified as a saturated fatty acid with 16 carbon atoms?

    <p>Palmitic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increasing the number of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids generally have on their melting points?

    <p>Decreases melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unsaturated fatty acid has two double bonds and is an essential fatty acid?

    <p>Linoleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the solubility of fatty acids?

    <p>Decreases with chain length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid is classified as an omega-6 fatty acid and is often consumed in diets?

    <p>Linoleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural formula for the saturated fatty acid stearic acid?

    <p>$CH_3(CH_2)_{16}CO_2H$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following explains why unsaturated fatty acids are often more soluble in water than saturated fatty acids?

    <p>Presence of double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature primarily distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>Absence of double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary source is most closely associated with high levels of saturated fatty acids?

    <p>Butter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular health?

    <p>Reduction of triglyceride levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid typically contains only one double bond?

    <p>Monounsaturated fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of fatty acids in the body?

    <p>Building blocks of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are polyunsaturated fatty acids classified based on their chemical structure?

    <p>Presence of three or more double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can increase the risk of diseases such as atherosclerosis and obesity?

    <p>High intake of saturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about unsaturated fatty acids is correct?

    <p>They can exist in both cis and trans configurations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Patient Case Study

    • A 55-year-old male presented to the emergency room (ER) complaining of crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm.
    • He is a chain smoker (25 years).
    • He also experienced mild chest pain when climbing stairs.

    Lecture Objectives

    • Explain the chemical structure of fatty acids.
    • Classify fatty acids, providing examples.
    • Describe fatty acid properties and functions.
    • Explain the clinical significance of fatty acids.

    Lipids

    • Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (e.g., ether, benzene, acetone, chloroform).
    • Lipids are synonymous with fats, including waxes, oils, and steroids.

    Lipid Sources

    • Lipids are found in both animals and plants.
    • Examples include butter, margarine, cooking oil, animal fat (subcutaneous fat), sausages, cheese, cakes, and cream.

    Energy Yield from Nutrients

    • Fat = 9 Calories per gram
    • Carbohydrates = 4 Calories per gram
    • Protein = 4 Calories per gram

    Essential Functions of Lipids

    • Act as a dietary carrier for lipid-soluble vitamins.
    • Supply essential polyunsaturated fatty acids.
    • Essential and other fatty acids formed from polyunsaturated fatty acid are important in membrane phospholipids.

    Fatty Acids

    • Basic building blocks for lipids.
    • Saturated and Unsaturated (differ in the number of double bonds).

    Fatty Acid Amphipathic Nature

    • Fatty acids have a polar head group and non-polar hydrocarbon tails.
    • This dual nature allows them to form structures like micelles where the hydrocarbon tails cluster together away from water and the polar heads interact with water.

    Types of Fatty Acids

    • Saturated fatty acids (no double bonds).
    • Monounsaturated fatty acids (one double bond).
    • Polyunsaturated fatty acids (>1 double bond).

    Saturated and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

    • Double bonds in fatty acids are normally in a cis configuration.
    • Each cis double bond results in a kink in the fatty acid chain.

    Important Fatty Acids

    • Palmitic acid (16:0)
    • Stearic acid (18:0)
    • Palmitoleic acid (16:1Δ9).
    • Oleic acid (18:1Δ9).
    • Linoleic acid (18:2Δ9,12).
    • Linolenic acid (18:3Δ9,12,15).
    • Arachidonic acid (20:4Δ5,8,11,14).

    Fatty Acid Properties

    • Melting temperature of saturated fatty acids increases with increasing chain length.
    • Melting temperature of unsaturated fatty acids decreases with increasing double bonds.
    • Longer chain length decreases solubility, while more double bonds increase solubility in water.

    Essential Fatty Acids

    • Linoleic acid (omega-6, 18:2) and linolenic acid (omega-3, 18:3) must be obtained from the diet.
    • Arachidonic acid is derived from linoleic acid and is a precursor for prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes (local hormones).

    Omega Carbon

    • The carbon atom of the methyl group at the end of a hydrocarbon chain in a fatty acid is called the omega carbon.

    Cardioprotective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

    • Omega-3 fatty acids are associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and a decrease in serum triglycerides.
    • Found in cold water fish (e.g., salmon, tuna, herring) and walnuts, flax seeds.

    Rancidity

    • Rancidity results from oxidation of fats.
    • Polyunsaturated fats are more prone to rancidity than monounsaturated fats or saturated fats.
    • Food exposure to oxygen, heat, and light increases rancidity.

    Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils

    • Industry hydrogenates vegetable oils, saturating the fats.
    • This increases the melting point, converting liquid oils to solid fats (e.g., vanaspati ghee).

    Trans Fats

    • Unsaturated fats that behave like saturated fats.
    • Produced by partial hydrogenation of liquid vegetable oils.
    • Found in many processed foods (e.g., baked goods, fried foods, margarine).

    Food Sources of Trans Fats

    • Baked goods (cakes, cookies).
    • Shortening.
    • Microwave popcorn.
    • Frozen pizza.
    • Refrigerated dough (biscuits, rolls).
    • Fried foods (French fries, doughnuts, fried chicken).
    • Nondairy coffee creamer.
    • Stick margarine.

    Harmful Effects of Trans Fats

    • Raise bad (LDL) cholesterol levels while lowering good (HDL) cholesterol levels.
    • Increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

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