Nutrition and Metabolism Chapter 26

Questions and Answers

What are the components of an ATP molecule?

Adenine, ribose, and phosphate

Glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration are the three major pathways for the catabolism (breakdown) of _______________________.

glucose

The recommended intake of the nutrient _________________ is 1.1 g/day, but a typical American diet contains about 4.5 g/day.

sodium

Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source.

Sucrose = Refined from sugarcane and sugar beets Fructose = Fruits Maltose = Germinating cereal grains Lactose = Cow's milk Signup and view all the answers

Which term is defined as any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body?

Nutrient Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of carbohydrates?

Glucose, Glycogen, and Sucrose Signup and view all the answers

By definition, one _________________ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

calorie Signup and view all the answers

Because the class of nutrients called _______________ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient.

carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including both anabolic and catabolic reactions, is called:

metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are lipids? Phospholipids, glycogen, triglycerides, cholesterol, and polypeptides

Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

Match each nutrient class to its partial list of functions.

Water = Coolant; Solvent; reactant or product in many metabolic reactions, etc. Vitamins = Coenzymes for many metabolic pathways; antioxidants, etc. Lipids = Fuel; plasma membrane structure; myelin sheaths; hormones; insulation; padding around organs, etc. Proteins = Muscle contraction; enzymes; antibodies; buffers; emergency fuel, etc. Carbohydrates = Fuel; glycoproteins and glycolipids Minerals = Structure of bones and teeth; electrolytes; buffers; stomach acid, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What are an examples of trace minerals?

Zinc, Copper, and Iodine Signup and view all the answers

How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of glucose?

32 moles Signup and view all the answers

Alcohol and sugary foods are considered '__________________ calories', calories that do not provide nutrients that the body requires.

empty Signup and view all the answers

Match each mineral to its most common dietary sources.

Sodium = Table salt, processed foods, usually present in excess Calcium = Milk, fish, shellfish, greens, tofu, orange juice Iron = Red meat, liver, shellfish, eggs, dried fruits, nuts legumes, molasses Fluoride = Fluoridated water and toothpaste, tea, seafood, seaweed Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as glycerol and amino acids?

Gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which individuals are likely to exhibit a state of positive nitrogen balance?

Pregnant women, Athletes in resistance training (building muscle), and Growing children Signup and view all the answers

In the presence of oxygen, __________________ acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration.

pyruvic Signup and view all the answers

______________________ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.

Transamination Signup and view all the answers

What process yields a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What are water-soluble vitamins?

Folic acid, Ascorbic acid, and Riboflavin Signup and view all the answers

List what are often considered essential fatty acids?

Linoleic acid, Arachidonic acid, and Linolenic acid Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of nutrients?

Lipids, Water, Proteins, Vitamins, Carbohydrates, and Minerals Signup and view all the answers

What hormone promotes negative nitrogen balance?

Glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin _______________ plays an important role in calcium balance.

D Signup and view all the answers

Match each vitamin to its function.

Vitamin C = Promotes hemoglobin and collagen synthesis; functions as an antioxidant Vitamin A = Component of the visual pigments; promotes proteoglycan synthesis; promotes epithelial maintenance; functions as an antioxidant Vitamin D = Promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization Vitamin K = Essential to prothrombin synthesis and blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose?

Glycogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of lipoproteins?

LDLs, VLDLs, Chylomicrons, and HDLs Signup and view all the answers

The ________________________ cycle (citric acid cycle) is the cyclic series of reactions that results in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water, and ATP.

Krebs Signup and view all the answers

The process called _________________________ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule.

phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to a carbohydrate molecule comprised of many glucose monomers?

Polysaccharide Signup and view all the answers

Describe the electron transport chain.

Series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What role does the protein and phospholipid coating of a lipoprotein serve?

Forms a recognition marker for cells and enables lipid droplets to remain suspended in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What are some disaccharides?

Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose Signup and view all the answers

What are some monosaccharides?

Fructose, Glucose, and Galactose Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

ATP and Energy

ATP molecules consist of adenine, ribose, and phosphate groups, essential for energy transfer in cells.
One calorie is defined as the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Major pathways for glucose catabolism include glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration.
Glycolysis yields a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule, while complete aerobic oxidation produces 32 moles of ATP.
Gluconeogenesis refers to glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrates like glycerol and amino acids.

Nutritional Recommendations

The recommended daily intake of sodium is 1.1 g, yet a typical American diet contains approximately 4.5 g.
Water-soluble vitamins include folic acid, ascorbic acid, and riboflavin, playing various roles in metabolism.

Nutrient Classes and Functions

Nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water.
Lipids serve multiple functions including fuel source, structural components of membranes, and hormone synthesis.
Proteins are essential for muscle contraction, enzyme function, and immune response.

Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamins like vitamin D are crucial for calcium balance, while vitamin K is important for blood clotting.
Trace minerals essential for health include zinc, copper, and iodine, vital for numerous biochemical processes.
Common dietary sources of dietary minerals include calcium (found in milk), iron (found in red meat), and sodium (from table salt).

Lipids

Types of lipoproteins include LDLs, VLDLs, chylomicrons, and HDLs, which are crucial for lipid transport in the bloodstream.
Essential fatty acids, which must be obtained through diet, include linoleic, arachidonic, and linolenic acids.

Biological Processes

The Krebs cycle is involved in the oxidation of nutrient molecules, producing CO2, NADH, FADH2, water, and ATP.
Transamination involves transferring an amino group from one molecule to another, a key process in amino acid metabolism.
Phosphorylation is the addition of an inorganic phosphate group to an organic molecule, vital in energy transfer.

Carbohydrate Categories

Carbohydrates can be classified into monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose), disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose), and polysaccharides (many glucose units).
Common sources of disaccharides include sugarcane for sucrose and milk for lactose.

Nitrogen Balance

Positive nitrogen balance is typically found in pregnant women, athletes engaged in resistance training, and growing children, indicating tissue growth.
Glucocorticoids are hormones that promote negative nitrogen balance, affecting muscle and protein metabolism.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts in Nutrition and Metabolism with this quiz covering Chapter 26. From the structure of ATP molecules to metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, this quiz will help reinforce your understanding of essential physiological processes.