Questions and Answers
What are the components of an ATP molecule?
Adenine, ribose, and phosphate
Glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration are the three major pathways for the catabolism (breakdown) of _______________________.
glucose
The recommended intake of the nutrient _________________ is 1.1 g/day, but a typical American diet contains about 4.5 g/day.
sodium
Match each carbohydrate to its most common dietary source.
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Which term is defined as any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body?
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What are examples of carbohydrates?
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By definition, one _________________ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
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Because the class of nutrients called _______________ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient.
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The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including both anabolic and catabolic reactions, is called:
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Which of the following are lipids? Phospholipids, glycogen, triglycerides, cholesterol, and polypeptides
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Match each nutrient class to its partial list of functions.
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What are an examples of trace minerals?
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How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of glucose?
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Alcohol and sugary foods are considered '__________________ calories', calories that do not provide nutrients that the body requires.
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Match each mineral to its most common dietary sources.
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What term refers to the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as glycerol and amino acids?
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Which individuals are likely to exhibit a state of positive nitrogen balance?
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In the presence of oxygen, __________________ acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration.
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______________________ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.
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What process yields a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule?
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What are water-soluble vitamins?
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List what are often considered essential fatty acids?
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What are the types of nutrients?
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What hormone promotes negative nitrogen balance?
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Vitamin _______________ plays an important role in calcium balance.
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Match each vitamin to its function.
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What term refers to the synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose?
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What are the types of lipoproteins?
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The ________________________ cycle (citric acid cycle) is the cyclic series of reactions that results in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water, and ATP.
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The process called _________________________ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule.
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What term refers to a carbohydrate molecule comprised of many glucose monomers?
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Describe the electron transport chain.
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What role does the protein and phospholipid coating of a lipoprotein serve?
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What are some disaccharides?
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What are some monosaccharides?
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Study Notes
ATP and Energy
- ATP molecules consist of adenine, ribose, and phosphate groups, essential for energy transfer in cells.
- One calorie is defined as the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Major pathways for glucose catabolism include glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration.
- Glycolysis yields a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule, while complete aerobic oxidation produces 32 moles of ATP.
- Gluconeogenesis refers to glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrates like glycerol and amino acids.
Nutritional Recommendations
- The recommended daily intake of sodium is 1.1 g, yet a typical American diet contains approximately 4.5 g.
- Water-soluble vitamins include folic acid, ascorbic acid, and riboflavin, playing various roles in metabolism.
Nutrient Classes and Functions
- Nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water.
- Lipids serve multiple functions including fuel source, structural components of membranes, and hormone synthesis.
- Proteins are essential for muscle contraction, enzyme function, and immune response.
Vitamins and Minerals
- Vitamins like vitamin D are crucial for calcium balance, while vitamin K is important for blood clotting.
- Trace minerals essential for health include zinc, copper, and iodine, vital for numerous biochemical processes.
- Common dietary sources of dietary minerals include calcium (found in milk), iron (found in red meat), and sodium (from table salt).
Lipids
- Types of lipoproteins include LDLs, VLDLs, chylomicrons, and HDLs, which are crucial for lipid transport in the bloodstream.
- Essential fatty acids, which must be obtained through diet, include linoleic, arachidonic, and linolenic acids.
Biological Processes
- The Krebs cycle is involved in the oxidation of nutrient molecules, producing CO2, NADH, FADH2, water, and ATP.
- Transamination involves transferring an amino group from one molecule to another, a key process in amino acid metabolism.
- Phosphorylation is the addition of an inorganic phosphate group to an organic molecule, vital in energy transfer.
Carbohydrate Categories
- Carbohydrates can be classified into monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose), disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose), and polysaccharides (many glucose units).
- Common sources of disaccharides include sugarcane for sucrose and milk for lactose.
Nitrogen Balance
- Positive nitrogen balance is typically found in pregnant women, athletes engaged in resistance training, and growing children, indicating tissue growth.
- Glucocorticoids are hormones that promote negative nitrogen balance, affecting muscle and protein metabolism.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in Nutrition and Metabolism with this quiz covering Chapter 26. From the structure of ATP molecules to metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, this quiz will help reinforce your understanding of essential physiological processes.