Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of Erikson's stage of TRUST VS MISTRUST?
What is characterized by a severe cognitive deficit and confusion that occurs rapidly over a short period?
Which stage of grief comes immediately after denial according to Kubler-Ross's model?
Which of the following is a common cause of delirium?
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What does the term 'ethnocentrism' refer to?
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Which belief is associated with Hinduism regarding dietary practices?
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Which disease is caused by the loss of nerve cells in the substantia nigra?
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What condition is characterized by mood swings that should be assessed in patients with dementia?
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In Erikson's stages of development, what is the primary challenge faced during the stage of EGO IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION?
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What early sign of dementia includes difficulty with familiar tasks?
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Which amnestic disorder is linked to alcoholics due to thiamine deficiency?
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In which stage of dementia does the person experience moderate decline and difficulty with simple math?
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Which genetic disorder leads to profound dementia and ataxia?
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What is the concept of systems theory mainly concerned with?
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Which term describes the tendency to maintain a state of balance in a system?
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What represents the levels of prevention in healthcare?
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Which of the following needs are considered basic human needs according to Maslow's hierarchy?
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What is the first step in the nursing process?
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Which of the following is an alteration of body function?
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What type of assessment focuses primarily on specific issues rather than a general overview?
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What are the three normal breath sounds commonly recognized?
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How may myocardial infarction (MI) present differently in elderly patients?
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What is the primary responsibility of the doctor in the informed consent process?
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What is included in the ISBAR communication tool?
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What are the necessary elements for malpractice as per tort law?
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What is the most common source of abuse for elderly individuals?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of elder abuse?
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What does HIPAA stand for, focusing on patient rights?
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Which of the following describes the role of the nurse in the consent process?
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What behavior may mimic dementia among the abused?
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What aspect does the Nurse Practice Act primarily define?
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What phase follows the acute battering in the cycle of battering?
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Which option accurately describes the composition of the Florida Board of Nursing?
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Which of the following is a symptom of sexual child abuse?
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What is emotional neglect in the context of child abuse?
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What role do healthcare workers have in cases of child abuse?
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What is the second fastest growing criminal industry considered as modern slavery?
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Study Notes
Systems and Theories
- A system consists of interacting parts aiming towards a common goal.
- Systems theory involves analyzing a whole by breaking it into parts, emphasizing their shared purpose.
- Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain balance despite changes.
Nursing Concepts
- Core nursing concepts include individual, health, nursing, and environment.
- Health indicates a state of wellness; when certain needs (love, security, self-esteem) aren't met, individuals activate coping mechanisms to protect well-being.
Needs and Hierarchies
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs progresses from physiological requirements to safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization (PS BES).
Health Conditions
- Stress is defined as a state produced by change, while disease denotes an alteration of bodily functions.
- Illness is a personal perception of being unwell.
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Levels of prevention include:
- Primary: promoting health and disease protection.
- Secondary: early disease detection and intervention.
- Tertiary: focusing on rehabilitation post-illness or injury.
Nursing Process
- The initial step in the nursing process is assessment, which can be either physical (head to toe) or focused.
- Functional level assesses what a patient can do at discharge compared to their baseline.
Data Types
- Subjective data comes from patient reports, while objective data is based on observable evidence.
Anatomy and Physiology
- The largest organ in the body is the skin.
- Normal breath sounds include:
- Bronchovesicular: blowing sound below the scapula.
- Bronchial: harsh, high-pitched sound over the trachea.
- Vesicular: low-pitched sound heard over the lung periphery.
Geriatrics
- Geriatrics focuses on age-related diseases and conditions.
- Common physical changes in the elderly include decreased skin turgor, height loss, grey hair, osteoporosis, memory decline, and reduced sensory perception.
Health Assessments
- Elderly patients may present symptoms of diseases differently, e.g., myocardial infarction might not manifest typical chest pain.
Patient Interaction
- Closed postures are inappropriate in patient interactions.
- Avoid giving direct advice; instead, provide information and support patient choices.
Medical Protocols
- ISBAR: method of patient communication; stands for Introduction, Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation.
- Always confirm patient callback preferences.
Legal Framework
- The Nurse Practice Act outlines state-specific licensure requirements and was first established in Florida in 1913.
- The Florida Board of Nursing consists of 13 members, including RNs, LPNs, and consumer members.
Patient Consent
- Informed consent responsibility falls to the doctor; the nurse's role is to witness the signature and address patient queries.
Malpractice and Liability
- Torts relate to unintentional malpractice or negligence with four essential elements: Duty, Breach of Duty, Causation, and Damages.
- Patients must show actual harm for a successful malpractice lawsuit.
- Nursing students are accountable for their actions just like RNs.
Patient Privacy
- HIPAA (1996) protects patient consent for information release and individual privacy rights.
Delegation
- Five rights of delegation: Right person, task, direction, circumstance, and supervision.
- Consent types include expressed (oral/written) and implied (nonverbal).
Clinical Procedures
- Surgical time out is performed before invasive procedures to confirm correctness.
Cognitive Disorders
- Delirium manifests as cognitive disturbances and disorientation due to factors like head trauma or drugs.
- Parkinson's disease results from a loss of nerve cells affecting dopamine, while Huntington's disease is genetic and causes dementia.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease leads to rapid dementia and is fatal within a year.
- Pick's disease primarily affects women, leading to atrophy of brain lobes.
Amnestic Disorders
- Amnestic disorders hinder learning new information despite normal attention levels, often caused by trauma or alcohol-related thiamine deficiency.
Signs of Dementia
- Early signs include memory loss and difficulty with daily tasks.
- Stages of dementia progress from no symptoms to severe impairment, affecting basic functions like dressing and swallowing.
Abuse and Neglect
- Abuse is maltreatment by one individual towards another, with 90% of abusers being family members.
- Signs of elder abuse include various unhealed injuries and neglect of medical needs.
Emotional and Child Abuse
- Emotional abuse results from parenting behaviors that impair a child's well-being.
- Signs of child sexual abuse may include physical difficulties and behavioral changes.
Human Trafficking
- The second fastest-growing criminal industry, characterized by indicators such as malnutrition and signs of physical harm.
Psychosocial Aspects
- Self-concept is an individual's mental image and perception by others.
- Erikson's 8 stages frame human development milestones from trust and autonomy to integrity in aging.
Cultural Considerations
- Various cultures hold distinct beliefs affecting healthcare practices, e.g., importance of family in Asian cultures and dietary practices in Hinduism.
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Description
This study guide covers key concepts in systems theory as it relates to nursing. It explores the importance of individual, health, nursing, and the environment in maintaining homeostasis. Understand the core components that contribute to wellness and the implications of unmet needs.
