40 Questions
What is the location of the Substantia nigra?
Upper midbrain between the cerebral peduncle and tegmentum
What is the function of the Amygdaloid Nucleus?
Influence on the body's response to environmental changes
What is the efferent pathway that exits each cerebral hemisphere and influences the voluntary muscle tone on the ipsilateral side of the body?
Globose-Emboliform-Rubral Pathway
How many cerebellar pathways are involved in the regulation of muscle tone?
4
What is the effect of excited inhibitory nuclei in the Basal Ganglia?
Increase in GABA release
What is the function of the neurons in the Substantia nigra pars compacta?
Excitatory, releasing dopamine
Through which structure do dentate nucleus axons travel?
Superior cerebellar peduncle
What is the consequence of the degeneration of the Substantia nigra pars compacta?
Parkinsonism
Where do the axons of the thalamic neurons ascend to after synapsing with the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus?
Internal capsule and corona radiata
How many times do the fibers decussate in the Dentatothalamic Pathway?
Twice
What is the treatment for Parkinsonism?
Oral dopamine precursors
What is the neurotransmitter released by the Basal Ganglia?
GABA
Where do the fibers eventually terminate in the Dentatothalamic Pathway?
Motor neurons of the opposite cerebral cortex
What is the final pathway that the fibers take in the Dentatothalamic Pathway?
Corticospinal tract
What is the effect of inhibited inhibitory nuclei in the Basal Ganglia?
Decrease in GABA release
At which point do the fibers decussate for the second time in the Dentatothalamic Pathway?
At the level of the pyramids
What is the shape of the subthalamic nucleus?
Biconvex lens
What is the function of the subthalamic nucleus?
Integration of smooth movements of different parts of the body
What is the effect of a lesion in the basal ganglia on muscular strength?
Muscular strength persists
What is the neurotransmitter that has an excitatory effect on the basal ganglia?
Glutamate
What is the role of the basal ganglia in movement initiation?
The basal ganglia monitors movement progression
What is the pathway of the major outflow from the basal ganglia?
Globus pallidus interna (GPi)
What type of movement is associated with a lesion in the basal ganglia?
Involuntary movement
What is the effect of the basal ganglia on the lower motor neurons?
The basal ganglia has an indirect connection to the lower motor neurons
What type of fibers from muscles, tendons, and joints converge with Purkinje cells?
Mossy fibers
Where do the axons from the dentate nucleus travel through?
Superior cerebellar peduncle
What is the primary function of the cerebellum in relation to movement?
Limits voluntary movement
What is the final destination of the signals sent from the thalamic-ventrolateral nuclear complex?
Primary motor cortex
What is the indirect influence of the cerebellum on LMNs?
Through the cerebral cortex and brainstem
What is the output of the cerebellum ultimately conducted to?
The origin of the descending motor pathways
What is the role of the cerebellum in relation to the spinal cord?
It has no connection with the spinal cord
What is the cerebellum's role in controlling the timing and sequence of firing of α and γ motor neurons?
It regulates the timing and sequence of firing of α and γ motor neurons
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
Coordination of movements
What is the result of diminished influence on the γ motor neurons from the cerebellum?
Hypotonia
What is the characteristic of a patient's gait in cerebellar disease?
Exaggerated broad-based gait with rotated head and flexed shoulder
What is the definition of dysdiadochokinesia?
Inability to perform alternating movements, regularly and rapidly
Where is the cerebellum located in the brain?
Below the cerebrum and behind the brainstem
What is the role of the cerebellum in the motor plan?
Receiving information about the motor plan from the brainstem
What is the result of the loss of muscle tone on the affected side of the body?
The patient lurches and staggers towards the ipsilateral side
What is the characteristic of a patient's speech in cerebellar disease?
Slurred speech
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