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Neuroscience is best described as the study of (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
Neuroscience is best described as the study of (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt)
The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt)
Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): The thoracic spine is ______ to the cervical spine and the frontal lobe is ______ to the cerebellum.
Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): The thoracic spine is ______ to the cervical spine and the frontal lobe is ______ to the cerebellum.
caudal, rostral
A signal traveling from the central nervous system toward a muscle is (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
A signal traveling from the central nervous system toward a muscle is (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Label the lobes of the brain and determine which hemisphere is being shown (Fill-in-the-blank; 1 pt. each):
Label the lobes of the brain and determine which hemisphere is being shown (Fill-in-the-blank; 1 pt. each):
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Two axes of the central nervous system are the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
Two axes of the central nervous system are the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Fill-in-the-blank; 1 pt. each: Label the type of views of the brain in the image below:
Fill-in-the-blank; 1 pt. each: Label the type of views of the brain in the image below:
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All single-celled organisms are prokaryotes (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
All single-celled organisms are prokaryotes (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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The defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells is (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells is (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): Neurons can be classified by ______ or ______.
Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): Neurons can be classified by ______ or ______.
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The organelle that makes proteins is called the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The organelle that makes proteins is called the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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When a single strand of amino acids twists or folds into α-helices or β-sheets, this level is considered the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
When a single strand of amino acids twists or folds into α-helices or β-sheets, this level is considered the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Matching: Matche the term on the left to the correct definitoin on the right (1pt. each)
Matching: Matche the term on the left to the correct definitoin on the right (1pt. each)
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These cells that are strictly found in the central nervous system can wrap the multiple axons (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
These cells that are strictly found in the central nervous system can wrap the multiple axons (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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These cells are important for immune function in the central nervous system but not in the peripheral nervous system (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
These cells are important for immune function in the central nervous system but not in the peripheral nervous system (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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These protein structures embedded in the plasma membrane must be activated to open and allow ions to travel across the plasma membrane. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
These protein structures embedded in the plasma membrane must be activated to open and allow ions to travel across the plasma membrane. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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The site of protein synthesis in the cells is (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The site of protein synthesis in the cells is (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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The difference between transcription and translation is (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The difference between transcription and translation is (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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These medium thickness cytoskeletal molecules are important for transporting proteins and vesicles throughout the cell (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
These medium thickness cytoskeletal molecules are important for transporting proteins and vesicles throughout the cell (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Since neurons are the main communicating cells in the nervous system, the glial cells are not very useful (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
Since neurons are the main communicating cells in the nervous system, the glial cells are not very useful (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Fill-in-the-blank; 1 pt.: The inside of neurons is more negative than the outside of the neuron creating the ______ potential.
Fill-in-the-blank; 1 pt.: The inside of neurons is more negative than the outside of the neuron creating the ______ potential.
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There are more of these ions on the inside of the neuron than on the outside (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
There are more of these ions on the inside of the neuron than on the outside (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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The passive Na⁺ current across the membrane results in (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The passive Na⁺ current across the membrane results in (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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The passive K⁺ current across the membrane during an action potential results in (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The passive K⁺ current across the membrane during an action potential results in (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Which phase of the action potential ensure that the electrical impulse travels in only one direction? (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
Which phase of the action potential ensure that the electrical impulse travels in only one direction? (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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If the threshold potential for a neuron is -20mV and the membrane voltage rises to -5mV there will be no action potential (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
If the threshold potential for a neuron is -20mV and the membrane voltage rises to -5mV there will be no action potential (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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If the threshold potential for a neuron is -20mV and the membrane voltage changes to -30mV (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
If the threshold potential for a neuron is -20mV and the membrane voltage changes to -30mV (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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After the action potential occurs the ion gradient is restored by the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
After the action potential occurs the ion gradient is restored by the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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When the action potential reaches the axon terminal the influx of these ions is important for neurotransmitter release (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt)
When the action potential reaches the axon terminal the influx of these ions is important for neurotransmitter release (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt)
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These regions between myelination along axons are called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
These regions between myelination along axons are called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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The regions between myelination along axons contain a high number of these structures to assist in propagating the action potential (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The regions between myelination along axons contain a high number of these structures to assist in propagating the action potential (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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If an action potential occurs in a myelinated cell and a non-myelinated cell the action potential (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
If an action potential occurs in a myelinated cell and a non-myelinated cell the action potential (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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If a receptor is activated in response to changes in the charge across the membrane, then the receptor uses (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
If a receptor is activated in response to changes in the charge across the membrane, then the receptor uses (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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The functional region of communication between two neurons is the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The functional region of communication between two neurons is the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Fill in the blank; 1 pt. each: The sending neuron is the ______ while the receiving neuron is the ______.
Fill in the blank; 1 pt. each: The sending neuron is the ______ while the receiving neuron is the ______.
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If a neuron gets a signal that causes it to be hyperpolarized then the cell is said to be (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
If a neuron gets a signal that causes it to be hyperpolarized then the cell is said to be (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Each neuron receives messages from only one other neuron. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
Each neuron receives messages from only one other neuron. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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The neurotransmitter that induces excitatory currents in neurons (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The neurotransmitter that induces excitatory currents in neurons (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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The neurotransmitter that induces inhibitory currents in neurons (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt)
The neurotransmitter that induces inhibitory currents in neurons (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt)
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Gastrulation results in 3 layers called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
Gastrulation results in 3 layers called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): Neural stem cells can become either ______ or ______ but cannot become any other type of cell.
Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): Neural stem cells can become either ______ or ______ but cannot become any other type of cell.
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Neurulation is the process that forms the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
Neurulation is the process that forms the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Class of molecules present in concentration gradients in the developing embryo that determine what cells will become (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
Class of molecules present in concentration gradients in the developing embryo that determine what cells will become (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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When cells divide asymmetrically and change into cells with a specialized function, the process is called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
When cells divide asymmetrically and change into cells with a specialized function, the process is called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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The process in which axons are wrapped by cells that create a lipid-rich substance (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The process in which axons are wrapped by cells that create a lipid-rich substance (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): These cells stop mitosis once they reach their final functional fate are called ______.
Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): These cells stop mitosis once they reach their final functional fate are called ______.
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Neurogenesis occurs mostly before birth. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
Neurogenesis occurs mostly before birth. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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During migration new neurons climb along (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
During migration new neurons climb along (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Early childhood experiences are important for creating and modifying neural circuits during (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
Early childhood experiences are important for creating and modifying neural circuits during (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): When the nervous system is formed 2 kinds of matter are noted in sections: the myelinated portions are the ______ and the non-myelinated regions are the ______.
Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): When the nervous system is formed 2 kinds of matter are noted in sections: the myelinated portions are the ______ and the non-myelinated regions are the ______.
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The primary developmental region that eventually becomes brain regions with the cerebrum, basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt)
The primary developmental region that eventually becomes brain regions with the cerebrum, basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt)
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The layer of the gastrula that becomes the entire nervous system is the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The layer of the gastrula that becomes the entire nervous system is the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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When identical cells are made from a precursor cell that is called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
When identical cells are made from a precursor cell that is called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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An important structure found at the leading edge of a pathfinding neuron is called the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
An important structure found at the leading edge of a pathfinding neuron is called the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Several steps occur during development and these steps include (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
Several steps occur during development and these steps include (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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The secondary developmental structure that becomes the region of the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus is the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The secondary developmental structure that becomes the region of the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus is the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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If in early post-natal development (time shortly after birth) a child has deficient experiential input to one eye a possible outcome is called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
If in early post-natal development (time shortly after birth) a child has deficient experiential input to one eye a possible outcome is called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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The system involved with processing emotion and behavior regulation is called the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The system involved with processing emotion and behavior regulation is called the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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How many amygdalae and hippocampi (each) are in the human brain? (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
How many amygdalae and hippocampi (each) are in the human brain? (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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What are the 3 structures in the HPA axis? 1pt. each:
What are the 3 structures in the HPA axis? 1pt. each:
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Fill-in-the-blank; 1 pt. each: The ______ activates the HPA and the ______ inhibits the HPA axis.
Fill-in-the-blank; 1 pt. each: The ______ activates the HPA and the ______ inhibits the HPA axis.
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The amygdalae are involved in processing only negative and fearful experiences (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The amygdalae are involved in processing only negative and fearful experiences (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Matching 1pt each: Match the term on the left to its description on the right
Matching 1pt each: Match the term on the left to its description on the right
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The stress response is only real if the stressor poses a physical threat. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The stress response is only real if the stressor poses a physical threat. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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The division of the autonomic nervous system that physiologically prepares an organism (like humans) to respond to threats (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
The division of the autonomic nervous system that physiologically prepares an organism (like humans) to respond to threats (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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A neurotransmitter that activates the fight, flight, or freeze response to a threat but can also act as a hormone. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
A neurotransmitter that activates the fight, flight, or freeze response to a threat but can also act as a hormone. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt):
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Study Notes
Neuroscience
- Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.
- The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system is composed of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
- The somatic system is responsible for voluntary movement and sensory perception.
- The autonomic system controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion.
Peripheral Nervous System
- The peripheral nervous system has two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
- The sympathetic system is involved in "fight or flight" responses.
- The parasympathetic system is involved in "rest and digest" functions.
Spinal Cord Regions
- The spinal cord has four regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral.
- These regions are labeled in anatomy diagrams.
Brain Lobes
- The brain has four main lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.
- Each lobe is presented as an image.
- The image shows different lobes associated with different hemispheric brain areas.
Central Nervous System Axes
- Two axes of the central nervous system are dorsal-ventral and rostral-caudal.
- Dorsal refers to the top, ventral to the bottom.
- Rostral refers to the front, caudal to the back.
Brain View Types
- Lateral views of the brain are shown on the side and medial views are shown from the middle.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- All single-celled organisms are prokaryotic.
- Eukaryotic cells are defined by the presence of membrane-bound organelles.
Neuron Classification
- Neurons can be classified by structure or function.
Protein Production
- The organelle that makes proteins is called the ribosome.
Protein Structure Levels
- The first level of protein structure is primary; the second is secondary.
- The third level is tertiary.
- The fourth level of protein structure is quaternary.
Neural Structures
- Dendrites receive signals.
- The soma is the cell body, containing the nucleus.
- The axon transmits signals.
- Axon terminals release neurotransmitters.
Glial Cells
- Oligodendrocytes are cells in the CNS, that wrap multiple axons.
- Astrocytes are glial cells in the central nervous system.
- Microglia cells are important in the immune function of the central nervous system.
Neurotransmitter Function
- Neurotransmitters are part of an action potential.
- Neurotransmitters in the central nervous system can be excitatory or inhibitory.
- Different neurotransmitters have different roles in the body.
- Neurotransmitters are involved in chemical signalling.
Protein Synthesis Site
- Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
Transcription and Translation
- Transcription produces mRNA based on DNA, which is then translated into proteins during translation.
- Transcription occurs in the nucleus.
- Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
Neuronal Communication
- The inside of a neuron is negative compared to the outside.
- The inside of a neuron becomes more positive during an action potential.
- Neurons communicate with each other via synapses.
- Signals travel from one neuron to another across synapses.
Ion Flow
- The flow of ions through channels in neurons is involved in maintaining normal ionic balance.
- Channels open and close during an action potential.
Synaptic Transmission
- Action potentials reach axon terminals.
- Neurotransmitters are released across a synapse.
- Neurotransmitters interact with receptors on post-synaptic membranes.
- Receptors trigger post-synaptic potentials.
Differentiation
- Differentiation is the process where cells change into specialized types.
- It occurs during development.
Myelination
- Myelination is a process where axons are wrapped in myelin, improving efficiency of nerve impulse transmission.
Neurogenesis
- Neurogenesis is the process involved in creating new neurons.
- Neurons mostly complete this before birth.
Neural Development
- Brain development involves many steps, including proliferation, migration, differentiation, and myelination.
- Structures like the amygdalae and hippocampus develop as parts of the brain.
- The HPA axis is important in stress response, its parts include hypothalamus, adrenal glands, and pituitary gland.
Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety disorders are characterised by inappropriate stress responses to non-immediately threatening situations.
- Mood disorders include sadness and reduced energy.
Comorbidity
- Comorbidity may occur when multiple disorders are observed in one person.
- Disorders may be related or unrelated.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of neuroscience, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. This quiz covers the regions of the spinal cord and the lobes of the brain, highlighting their functions and anatomical divisions. Perfect for students in neuroscience and related fields.
