Midterm Exam 1 Answer Key PDF

First Name: ________________ Last Name: __________________ G#: ______________ Please answer the questions clearly. Misspellings in short answer or fill-in-the-blank questions that cause ambiguity will be counted as incorrect. 1. Neuroscience is best described as the study of (C...

First Name: ________________ Last Name: __________________ G#: ______________ Please answer the questions clearly. Misspellings in short answer or fill-in-the-blank questions that cause ambiguity will be counted as incorrect. 1. Neuroscience is best described as the study of (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. The brain b. The spinal cord c. The nervous system d. The peripheral nervous system e. The central nervous system 2. The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Sympathetic and parasympathetic b. Fight or flight c. Dura mater and pia mater d. Brain and spinal cord e. Somatic and autonomic 3. Label the diagram below with the 4 regions of the spinal cord (1 pt each): Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral  4. Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): The thoracic spine is ____caudal___ to the cervical spine and the frontal lobe is ____rostral____ to the cerebellum. 5. A signal travelling from the central nervous system toward a muscle is (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. An afferent signal b. An efferent signal c. A centralized signal d. A peripheralized signal e. An action signal 6. Label the lobes of the brain and determine which hemisphere is being shown (Fill-in-the- blank; 1 pt. each): Parietal Frontal Occipital Temporal This is the ____left____ hemisphere. 7. Two axes of the central nervous system are the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Dorsal-ventral and rostral to caudal b. Top to bottom and side to side c. Back to front and medial to lateral d. None of the above e. All the above 8. Fill-in-the-blank; 1 pt. each: Label the type of views of the brain in the image below: Lateral Medial 9. All single celled organisms are prokaryotes (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 10. The defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells is (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. A nucleus b. Membrane bound organelles c. DNA d. Chromosomes e. Proteins 11. Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): Neurons can be classified by __structure______ or ___function_____. 12. The organelle that makes proteins is called the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Mitochondria b. Nucleus c. Plasma membrane d. Ribosome e. Lysosome 13. When a single strand of amino acids twists or folds into 𝛼-helices or 𝛽-sheets, this level is considered the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary e. None of the above 14. Matching: Match the term on the left to the correct definition on the right (1pt. each): _A__ Dendrite a. Receives information _B__ Soma b. Main location of the nucleus and other organelles _C__ Axon c. Neuron process that carries electrical signal _D__ Axon terminal d. Region that sends information 15. These cells that are strictly found in the central nervous system can wrap the multiple axons (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Astrocytes b. Schwann cells c. Microglia d. Oligodendrocytes e. Satellite cells 16. These cells are important for immune function in the central nervous system but not in the peripheral nervous system (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Astrocytes b. Schwann cells c. Microglia d. Oligodendrocytes e. Satellite cells 17. These protein structures embedded in the plasma membrane must be activated to open and allow ions to travel across the plasma membrane. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Carbohydrates b. Ion channels c. Cholesterol d. Lipids e. None of the above 18. The site of protein synthesis in the cells is (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Ribosomes b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum c. Lysosome d. Nucleus e. Plasma membrane 19. The difference between transcription and translation is (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Product of transcription is a protein but translation yields mRNA b. Product of translation is protein or peptide but transcription yields mRNA c. Translation occurs in the Golgi and transcription in the nucleus d. Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and translation in the nucleus e. There is no difference because it’s all part of gene expression 20. These medium thickness cytoskeletal molecules are important for transporting proteins and vesicles throughout the cell (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Actin filaments b. Microtubules c. Growth cones d. Golgi bodies e. Phospholipids 21. Since neurons are the main communicating cells in the nervous system, the glial cells are not very useful (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 22. Fill-in-the-blank; 1 pt.: The inside of neurons is more negative than the outside of the neuron creating the ___membrane___ __potential____. 23. There are more of these ions on the inside of the neuron than on the outside (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. K+ b. Ca2+ c. Cl- d. Na+ e. All the above 24. The passive Na+ current across the membrane results in (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Depolarization b. Repolarization c. Hyperpolarization d. Thresholding e. Resting potential 25. The passive K+ current across the membrane during an action potential results in (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Depolarization b. Repolarization c. Polarization d. Thresholding e. Resting potential 26. Which phase of the action potential ensure that the electrical impulse travels in only one direction? (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt) a. Depolarization b. Repolarization c. Hyperpolarization d. Resting potential e. None of the above 27. If the threshold potential for a neuron is -20mV and the membrane voltage rises to -5mV there will be no action potential (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 28. If the threshold potential for a neuron is -20mV and the membrane voltage changes to -30mV (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. The action potential will be smaller b. The action potential will be slower c. The action potential will not happen d. The action potential won’t last long e. The action potential will travel backwards 29. After the action potential occurs the ion gradient is restored by the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. ATP synthase b. Na+-K+ channels c. Ion diffusion through the membrane d. Osmosis through the membrane e. Na+-K+ ATPase 30. When the action potential reaches the axon terminal the influx of these ions is important for neurotransmitter release (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. K+ b. Ca2+ c. Cl- d. Na+ e. All the above 31. These regions between myelination along axons are called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Na+ nodes b. K+ nodes c. Nodes of Ranvier d. Saltatory propagation e. Schwann cells 32. The regions between myelination along axons contain a high number of these structures to assist in propagating the action potential (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Ligand gated K+ channels b. Mechanical gated Na+ channels c. Voltage-gated Na+ channels d. Neurotransmitters e. There is nothing between myelinated sections 33. If an action potential occurs in a myelinated cell and a non-myelinated cell the action potential (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. in the non-myelinated cell will travel faster b. in the myelinated cell will travel faster c. will not travel at all in the non-myelinated cell d. will not travel at all in the myelinated cell e. None of the above 34. If a receptor is activated in response to changes in the charge across the membrane, then the receptor uses (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Mechanical gating b. Current gating c. Ligand gating d. Voltage gating e. Leak gating 35. The functional region of communication between two neurons is the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Synapse b. Postsynaptic neuron c. Presynaptic neuron d. Axon terminal e. Dendrite 36. Fill in the blank; 1 pt. each: The sending neuron is the __presynaptic_ while the receiving neuron is the __postsynaptic__. 37. If a neuron gets a signal that causes it to be hyperpolarized then the cell is said to be (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Excited b. Static c. Dead d. Inhibited e. Non-responsive 38. If a neuron gets a signal that causes it to be depolarized then the cell is said to be (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Excited b. Static c. Dead d. Inhibited e. Non-responsive 39. Each neuron receives messages from only one other neuron. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 40. The neurotransmitter that induces excitatory currents in neurons (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Ligands b. GABA c. Glutamate d. Calcium e. Dopamine 41. The neurotransmitter that induces inhibitory currents in neurons (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Ligands b. GABA c. Glutamate d. Calcium e. Dopamine 42. Gastrulation results in 3 layers called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Ectoderm, inner mass, inner layer b. Ectoderm, mesoderm, inner layer c. Inner mass, outer layer, notochord d. Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm e. Notochord, neural crest, endoderm 43. Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): Neural stem cells can become either ___neurons__ or ___glia______ but cannot become any other type of cell. 44. Neurulation is the process that forms the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Vertebral column b. Ectoderm c. Endoderm d. Neural tube e. Prosencephalon 45. Class of molecules present in concentration gradients in the developing embryo that determine what cells will become (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Receptors b. Ligands c. Ions d. Neurotransmitters e. Morphogens 46. When cells divide asymmetrically and change into cells with a specialized function, the process is called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Proliferation b. Migration c. Myelination d. Pathfinding e. Differentiation 47. The process in which axons are wrapped by cells that create a lipid-rich substance (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Proliferation b. Migration c. Myelination d. Pathfinding e. Differentiation 48. Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): These cells stop mitosis once they reach their final functional fate are called __neurons____. 49. Neurogenesis occurs mostly before birth. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 50. During migration new neurons climb along (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Satellite glia b. Oligodendrocytes c. Schwann cells d. Microglia e. Radial glia 51. Early childhood experiences are important for creating and modifying neural circuits during (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Synaptogenesis b. Gastrulation c. Neurulation d. None of the above e. All the above 52. Fill-in-the-blank (1 pt. each): When the nervous system is formed 2 kinds of matter are noted in sections: the myelinated portions are the __white matter__ and the non- myelinated regions are the __grey matter____. 53. The primary developmental region that eventually becomes brain regions with the cerebrum, basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Forebrain b. Midbrain c. Hindbrain d. Diencephalon e. Telencephalon 54. The layer of the gastrula that becomes the entire nervous system is the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Endoderm b. Mesoderm c. Notochord d. Ectoderm e. Cell mass 55. When identical cells are made from a precursor cell that is called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Proliferation b. Differentiation c. Myelination d. Migration e. Neurogenesis 56. An important structure found at the leading edge of a pathfinding neuron is called the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Actin b. Microtubule c. Growth factor d. Growth cone e. Colocalization 57. Several steps occur during development and these steps include (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Proliferation, migration, and differentiation b. Proliferation, differentiation, polarization c. Migration, myelination, mitigation d. Polarization, depolarization, repolarization e. Telencephalon, myelencephalon, diencephalon 58. The secondary developmental structure that becomes the region of the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus is the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Forebrain b. Telencephalon c. Midbrain d. Diencephalon e. Brainstem 59. If in early post-natal development (time shortly after birth) a child has deficient experiential input to one eye a possible outcome is called (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Anxiety b. Pruning c. Diplopia d. Myopia e. Amblyopia 60. The system involved with processing emotion and behavior regulation is called the (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. The hypothalamic system b. The HPA system c. The cingulate system d. The limbic system e. The basal ganglia 61. How many amygdalae and hippocampi (each) are in the human brain? (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. 1 b. 4 c. 6 d. 0 e. 2 62. What are the 3 structures in the HPA axis? 1pt. each: __Hypothalamus____ __Pituitary gland__ __Adrenal gland___ 63. Fill-in-the-blank; 1 pt. each: The _amygdala___ activates the HPA and the __hippocampus___ inhibits the HPA axis. 64. The amygdalae are involved in processing only negative and fearful experiences (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 65. Matching 1pt each: Match the term on the left to its description on the right: _B_ Receptor a. Receives afferent message about a change _A_ Control center b. Detects a change to conditions _C_ Effector c. Creates response to the detected change Hint: 66. The stress response is only real if the stressor poses a physical threat. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 67. The division of the autonomic nervous system that physiologically prepares an organism (like humans) to respond to threats (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Parasympathetic b. Sympathetic c. Adrenal gland d. Hypothalamus e. Cortisol 68. A neurotransmitter that activates the fight, flight, or freeze response to a threat but can also act as a hormone. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. GABA b. Serotonin c. Epinephrine d. Dopamine e. Glutamate 69. One difference between a hormone and a neurotransmitter is (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. A hormone travels through the blood b. Only neurotransmitters activate receptors c. Only hormones activate receptors d. Hormones act at synapses but neurotransmitters do not e. Neurotransmitters act at synapses but hormones do not 70. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is released by this gland located on the kidneys. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Pituitary gland b. Hypothalamic gland c. Cortisol gland d. Adrenal gland e. Pineal gland 71. Some consequences of long-term high levels of cortisol are (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Heart disease b. Diabetes c. Low blood sugar d. A and B e. None of the above 72. Some examples of anxiety disorders are (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Panic attacks b. Phobias c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder d. Depression e. A, B, & C 73. Anxiety disorders are characterized by an inappropriate stress response to stressors that are not immediately threatening. (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 74. Mood disorders are characterized by (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Extended sadness b. Decreased energy c. Decreased pleasure in activities d. Altered psychomotor activity e. All the above 75. Comorbidity describes a situation in which (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. Multiple disorders that are commonly experienced by a single person b. When one disorder clearly causes another disorder c. Is only applicable to mood and anxiety disorders d. When two common disorders are totally unrelated e. When one of the disorders causes death 76. Because we understand the connections between stress responses and mood and anxiety disorders there are clear pharmaceutical treatments that work for everyone (Circle the 1 correct answer; 1pt): a. True b. False 77. The order of events when signals are sent from one neuron to another this is how the concepts come together (Circle the 1 correct answer; 3 pts): a. Axon terminal is activated by neurotransmitters, action potential sends an electrical message to the soma, soma calculates inputs, dendrites release ions b. Receptors on dendrites receive signals, soma calculates inputs, action potential travels down the axon, neurotransmitter is released at the terminal c. Receptors on the axon are excited, action potential travels to the soma, soma calculates the input, dendrites release neurotransmitters d. Action potentials in the soma open receptors, the cell is repolarized, neurotransmitters are released, neurotransmitters are transported to the terminal