Neuroscience of Eating and Emotion Regulation

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Questions and Answers

What role does myelin play in the functioning of the axon?

It provides nutrients to the cell body.

It generates electrical impulses.

It receives chemical messages from neurotransmitters.

It insulates the axon and speeds up signal transmission. (correct)

What characterizes demyelination and its impact on the nervous system?

It causes degradation of myelin, affecting signal integrity. (correct)

It results in the formation of new dendrites.

It enhances the speed of nerve signal transmission.

It increases the size of the axon.

What is the primary function of glial cells in the nervous system?

To release hormones that regulate stress.

To transmit electrical impulses.

To form myelin and support neurons. (correct)

To facilitate synaptic transmission.

Which statement accurately describes the action potential mechanism in neurons?

It is a series of electrical impulses that travel along the axon. Signup and view all the answers

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems interact with emotional eating?

Emotional eating triggers the parasympathetic nervous system's anti-stress response. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary roles of glial cells in the nervous system?

Providing structural support and nourishment Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a neuron when it reaches its voltage threshold?

An action potential fires Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are primarily involved in the depolarization phase of action potential?

Sodium and potassium Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of myelin in the neuronal structure?

To insulate and speed up neural transmission Signup and view all the answers

What effect do neurodegenerative diseases have on glial cells?

They disrupt the supportive roles played by glial cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding resting potential of a neuron?

Resting potential is negatively polarized inside the neuron Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether the signal generated in the target neuron is excitatory or inhibitory?

The receptor's response to the neurotransmitter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the mechanisms for neurotransmitter removal from the synapse?

Active transport out of the neuron's cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

How do terminal branches of neurons function in communication?

They release neurotransmitters that send chemical messages to other neurons Signup and view all the answers

How do Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) affect neurotransmitter activity?

They increase the duration of neurotransmitter presence in the synapse Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of axons in the neuron?

To transmit electrical impulses away from the cell body Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main roles of amino acid neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA?

To act as inhibitory or excitatory signals in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What role does an axon play in the generation of an action potential?

It serves as the conduit through which the action potential travels Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential side effect of using SSRIs in treating depression?

Upset stomach Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the functions of glial cells in the nervous system?

They provide support and insulation to neurons Signup and view all the answers

In what way do myelin sheaths affect the propagation of action potentials?

They allow action potentials to jump between nodes of Ranvier Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory neurons within the nervous system?

To relay information from sensory organs to the central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes interneurons from other types of neurons?

They interpret, store, and retrieve information to facilitate decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is considered part of the Central Nervous System?

Spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

How does the nervous system enable reflex actions without involving the brain?

By utilizing direct pathways through spinal cord reflex arcs. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do nerves function within the nervous system?

They serve as a conduit for transmitting signals to and from the brain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?

Controlling conscious body movements Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is primarily involved in initiating the fight-or-flight response?

Sympathetic branch Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Initiating fight-or-flight responses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is included in the functions of the autonomic nervous system?

Regulation of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response does the sympathetic nervous system facilitate?

Mobilized energy for immediate action Signup and view all the answers

How does the parasympathetic nervous system restore energy in the body?

By supporting the rest-and-digest processes Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system?

Connection to skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the body during the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

Redirection of energy from non-essential processes Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism involves the chemical breakdown of neurotransmitters in the synapse?

Degradation Signup and view all the answers

Which class of neurotransmitters are known for being the most abundant in the brain?

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?

Block neurotransmitter reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known to have both excitatory and inhibitory functions?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of neurotransmitter inactivation in the synapse?

Prevention of constant stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter class is specifically involved in the activation of fight-or-flight responses?

Monoamines Signup and view all the answers

Which ion behavior directly influences whether a target neuron approaches its action potential threshold?

Ions both entering and exiting the neuron Signup and view all the answers

What potential negative effect may arise from the prolonged presence of neurotransmitters in the synapse due to SSRIs?

Gastrointestinal disturbances Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the essential roles of glial cells during brain development?

Contributing to the formation of neural networks Signup and view all the answers

Which ion's influx is primarily responsible for depolarizing a neuron during action potential?

Sodium (Na+) Signup and view all the answers

What condition must be met for a neuron to generate an action potential?

Sufficient voltage threshold must be surpassed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of terminal branches in neuron communication?

They transmit signals to other neurons via chemical messages Signup and view all the answers

What role do glial cells play in the development of neuronal axons?

They provide a scaffold for growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that a neuron cannot fire an action potential while at resting potential?

The resting potential is strongly negatively polarized Signup and view all the answers

During childhood development, how do glial cells contribute to information processing?

By clustering and organizing neurons into networks Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of the extracellular fluid in relation to ions when a neuron is at rest?

It is richer in positively charged sodium ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the parasympathetic nervous system in relation to emotional eating?

To engage the body's anti-stress response Signup and view all the answers

Which description is most accurate regarding the function of myelin in neural communication?

It facilitates the transmission of electrical impulses by insulating the axon. Signup and view all the answers

What consequence does demyelination have on the nervous system?

It disrupts the communication efficiency between neurons. Signup and view all the answers

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems function together?

They collaborate to prepare the body for various challenges. Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurs in myelin as humans age?

It degrades, leading to slower neural transmission. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Eating and Emotional Regulation

Eating acts as a vital restorative activity, aiding in stress regulation.
"Emotional eating" engages the parasympathetic nervous system, activating its anti-stress response.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems function in a complementary manner to prepare for challenges.

Neuron Structure

Cell Body: Collects neural impulses, houses the nucleus, and sustains cell functions.
Dendrites: Receive chemical messages from adjacent neurons.
Axon: Sends electrical impulses, known as action potentials, to terminal branches, where they convert into chemical messages.
Myelin: A fatty layer that insulates the axon, ensuring the integrity and speed of electrical signals.
- Demyelination: Associated with neurodegenerative diseases; myelin shrinks with aging.
Glial Cells: Contribute to myelin production and assist in neuron support.

Neurotransmitter Interaction

Neurotransmitter receptors elicit either excitatory or inhibitory signals in target neurons.
Ion influx through the receptor moves the target neuron closer to or further from the action potential threshold.
The effect of neurotransmitters depends on the receptor response rather than the neurotransmitter itself.

Neurotransmitter Inactivation

Inactivation is critical to prevent continuous stimulation and maintain balance in neuron activity.
Methods of Inactivation:
- Diffusion: Neurotransmitters diffuse out of the synapse.
- Degradation: Chemical processes break down neurotransmitters in the synaptic space.
- Reuptake: Presynaptic terminals absorb neurotransmitters back.

Antidepressants and Neurotransmitter Activity

Antidepressants, especially SSRIs, inhibit neurotransmitter reuptake, prolonging their presence in the synapse.
While beneficial for depression treatment, they may induce side effects like gastrointestinal discomfort or insomnia.

Classes of Neurotransmitters

Amino Acids: Includes glutamate and GABA, the most prevalent neurotransmitters in the brain.
Monoamines: Key players in activating the fight-or-flight response.
Acetylcholine: Functions as both excitatory and inhibitory; supports muscle activity and cognitive functions.

Functions of Glial Cells

Glial cells insulate, support, and nourish neurons, acting as cellular glue.
They play a pivotal role in childhood development and continued growth into adulthood.
Essential for brain development, aiding axon growth and proper positioning within the nervous system.
Facilitate formation of neural networks, clustering cells into functional units.

Action Potential and Nerve Firing

Neurons are surrounded by extracellular fluid containing positive and negative ions, including sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium.
The selective membrane regulates ionic passage, maintaining a resting potential.
At resting potential, positive ions are outside the neuron, keeping it negatively polarized internally.
A sufficient stimulus causes the neuron to reach its voltage threshold, leading to action potential firing.
Dendritic stimulation opens ion channels, allowing sodium ions to enter, initiating depolarization and action potential.

Peripheral Nervous System

Comprises two main divisions: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Somatic Nervous System

Associated with voluntary actions; facilitates conscious body movements.
Involved with sensory perception and control of skeletal muscles.

Autonomic Nervous System

Governs involuntary activities; operates without conscious control.
Manages organ functions, blood vessels, and glands (hormone-secreting organs).
Divided into two branches:
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Prepares the body for 'fight-or-flight' responses, reallocating energy from non-essential processes (e.g., digestion).
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: Promotes 'rest-and-digest,' restoring energy and counteracting sympathetic actions.

Nervous System Structure

Network of neurons connects the brain to the body, facilitating signal communication.
Spinal cord serves as a major nerve bundle linking brain and body.
Reflex actions can occur directly without brain involvement.

Neurons

Neurons serve as the primary nerve cells in the nervous system.
Types of neurons:
- Sensory Neurons: Transmit signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).
- Interneurons: Relay signals within the CNS, crucial for processing information.
- Motor Neurons: Convey messages from the CNS to muscles and glands.

Central Nervous System

Consists of the brain and spinal cord, crucial for coordinating bodily functions.
Emotional eating reflects attempts to engage the parasympathetic system to mitigate stress.

Neuron Structure

Cell Body: Houses the nucleus and supports cellular functions.
Dendrites: Receive chemical signals from other neurons.
Axon: Transmits electrical impulses (action potentials) to terminal branches.
Myelin: Fatty layer that insulates axons, ensuring rapid signal transmission; degradation is linked to neurodegenerative diseases.
Glial Cells: Support neurons, essential for brain development and information processing.

Action Potential

Neurons maintain a resting potential with a differential ion distribution across membranes.
Stimulation above threshold leads to action potential firing, propagating electrical signals influenced by ion channel activity.

Neurotransmitter Interaction

Neurotransmitters induce excitatory or inhibitory effects based on receptor response.
Their inactivation in synapses is crucial for preventing overstimulation and maintaining balance.
Inactivation mechanisms include:
- Diffusion: Neurotransmitters disperse into the extracellular space.
- Degradation: Enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters.
- Reuptake: Process where presynaptic terminals absorb neurotransmitters.

Antidepressants and Neurotransmitter Function

Some antidepressants, like SSRIs, inhibit neurotransmitter reuptake, increasing their availability in synapses.
Side effects may include upset stomach or insomnia.

Types of Neurotransmitters

Amino Acids: Includes glutamate and GABA, primary neurotransmitters in the brain.
Monoamines: Critical for activating the fight-or-flight response.
Acetylcholine: Acts as both an excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter; essential for heart and muscle function and cognitive processes.

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Description

Explore the intricate connection between eating, emotional regulation, and neuron structure. This quiz delves into how the nervous systems interact during emotional eating and the role of neurotransmitters in communication between neurons. Test your knowledge on the vital components of neuron structure and how they influence overall well-being.

Neuroscience of Eating and Emotion Regulation

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Questions and Answers

What role does myelin play in the functioning of the axon?

What characterizes demyelination and its impact on the nervous system?

What is the primary function of glial cells in the nervous system?

Which statement accurately describes the action potential mechanism in neurons?

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems interact with emotional eating?

What is one of the primary roles of glial cells in the nervous system?

What happens to a neuron when it reaches its voltage threshold?

Which ions are primarily involved in the depolarization phase of action potential?

What is the role of myelin in the neuronal structure?

What effect do neurodegenerative diseases have on glial cells?

Which of the following statements is true regarding resting potential of a neuron?

What determines whether the signal generated in the target neuron is excitatory or inhibitory?

Which of the following is NOT one of the mechanisms for neurotransmitter removal from the synapse?

How do terminal branches of neurons function in communication?

How do Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) affect neurotransmitter activity?

What is the primary function of axons in the neuron?

What is one of the main roles of amino acid neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA?

What role does an axon play in the generation of an action potential?

What is one potential side effect of using SSRIs in treating depression?

What characterizes the functions of glial cells in the nervous system?

In what way do myelin sheaths affect the propagation of action potentials?

What is the primary function of sensory neurons within the nervous system?

What distinguishes interneurons from other types of neurons?

Which component is considered part of the Central Nervous System?

How does the nervous system enable reflex actions without involving the brain?

In what way do nerves function within the nervous system?

What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is primarily involved in initiating the fight-or-flight response?

What is NOT a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Which of the following is included in the functions of the autonomic nervous system?

What physiological response does the sympathetic nervous system facilitate?

How does the parasympathetic nervous system restore energy in the body?

Which characteristic distinguishes the somatic nervous system from the autonomic nervous system?

What occurs in the body during the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

What mechanism involves the chemical breakdown of neurotransmitters in the synapse?

Which class of neurotransmitters are known for being the most abundant in the brain?

What is the primary role of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?

Which neurotransmitter is known to have both excitatory and inhibitory functions?

What is the consequence of neurotransmitter inactivation in the synapse?

Which neurotransmitter class is specifically involved in the activation of fight-or-flight responses?

Which ion behavior directly influences whether a target neuron approaches its action potential threshold?

What potential negative effect may arise from the prolonged presence of neurotransmitters in the synapse due to SSRIs?

What is one of the essential roles of glial cells during brain development?

Which ion's influx is primarily responsible for depolarizing a neuron during action potential?

What condition must be met for a neuron to generate an action potential?

Which of the following best describes the role of terminal branches in neuron communication?

What role do glial cells play in the development of neuronal axons?

What is the primary reason that a neuron cannot fire an action potential while at resting potential?

During childhood development, how do glial cells contribute to information processing?

What is the state of the extracellular fluid in relation to ions when a neuron is at rest?

What is the primary role of the parasympathetic nervous system in relation to emotional eating?

Which description is most accurate regarding the function of myelin in neural communication?

What consequence does demyelination have on the nervous system?

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems function together?

What significant change occurs in myelin as humans age?

Study Notes

Eating and Emotional Regulation

Neuron Structure

Neurotransmitter Interaction

Neurotransmitter Inactivation

Antidepressants and Neurotransmitter Activity

Classes of Neurotransmitters

Functions of Glial Cells

Action Potential and Nerve Firing

Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Nervous System Structure

Neurons

Central Nervous System

Neuron Structure

Action Potential

Neurotransmitter Interaction

Antidepressants and Neurotransmitter Function

Types of Neurotransmitters

Studying That Suits You

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