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Questions and Answers
Which type of glial cell is responsible for producing myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
Which type of glial cell is responsible for producing myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
Which type of glial cell is involved in the removal of damaged myelin?
Which type of glial cell is involved in the removal of damaged myelin?
Which of the following glial cells is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which of the following glial cells is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which of the following glial cells is involved in calcium-dependent signaling via gliotransmitters?
Which of the following glial cells is involved in calcium-dependent signaling via gliotransmitters?
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Which of the following glial cells are considered the resident immune cells of the central nervous system?
Which of the following glial cells are considered the resident immune cells of the central nervous system?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding neurons?
Which of the following statements is true regarding neurons?
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What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
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What is the concept of "dynamic polarization" in terms of neuronal function?
What is the concept of "dynamic polarization" in terms of neuronal function?
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How does the structure of dendritic spines contribute to neuronal function?
How does the structure of dendritic spines contribute to neuronal function?
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What is the significance of the observation that dendritic spines can change their structure over time?
What is the significance of the observation that dendritic spines can change their structure over time?
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What is the typical correlation observed between the density of dendritic spines and age?
What is the typical correlation observed between the density of dendritic spines and age?
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Which of the following is a key difference between "mushroom spines" and other dendritic spines?
Which of the following is a key difference between "mushroom spines" and other dendritic spines?
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In the context of the provided content, what is the most likely interpretation of the difference in dendritic spine density between young and old animals?
In the context of the provided content, what is the most likely interpretation of the difference in dendritic spine density between young and old animals?
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What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?
What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?
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Which lobe is responsible for attentional neglect?
Which lobe is responsible for attentional neglect?
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What is the name of the condition that can result from damage to the visual areas of the temporal lobe, causing difficulty recognizing objects?
What is the name of the condition that can result from damage to the visual areas of the temporal lobe, causing difficulty recognizing objects?
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Phineas Gage's case is significant because it demonstrated:
Phineas Gage's case is significant because it demonstrated:
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the frontal lobe?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the frontal lobe?
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What is the term used to describe the mapping of visual information onto the retina of the eye?
What is the term used to describe the mapping of visual information onto the retina of the eye?
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What is the name of the groove that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
What is the name of the groove that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
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Which of the following statements about Phineas Gage's case is NOT accurate?
Which of the following statements about Phineas Gage's case is NOT accurate?
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What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS)?
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Which connective tissue covering of the brain is the innermost layer?
Which connective tissue covering of the brain is the innermost layer?
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What condition is characterized by an infection and inflammation of the meninges?
What condition is characterized by an infection and inflammation of the meninges?
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Which part of the neuron carries electrical impulses away from the cell body?
Which part of the neuron carries electrical impulses away from the cell body?
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What is the primary purpose of myelin around an axon?
What is the primary purpose of myelin around an axon?
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Which division of the nervous system is encased by the bones of the skull and vertebrae?
Which division of the nervous system is encased by the bones of the skull and vertebrae?
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Which layer of the meninges is referred to as the 'tough mother'?
Which layer of the meninges is referred to as the 'tough mother'?
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What type of tumor is formed from an uncontrolled growth of cells in the meninges?
What type of tumor is formed from an uncontrolled growth of cells in the meninges?
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What is the primary function of the sodium/potassium pump?
What is the primary function of the sodium/potassium pump?
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Which structure is NOT part of the neuronal cytoskeleton?
Which structure is NOT part of the neuronal cytoskeleton?
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What characterizes ionotropic receptors compared to metabotropic receptors?
What characterizes ionotropic receptors compared to metabotropic receptors?
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What is the main role of the cytoskeleton in a neuron?
What is the main role of the cytoskeleton in a neuron?
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What distinguishes a metabotropic receptor from an ionotropic receptor?
What distinguishes a metabotropic receptor from an ionotropic receptor?
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Anterograde transport in neurons refers to what process?
Anterograde transport in neurons refers to what process?
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What type of change does binding of a neurotransmitter cause in ionotropic receptors?
What type of change does binding of a neurotransmitter cause in ionotropic receptors?
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Which option best describes the action of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
Which option best describes the action of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
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Study Notes
Human Neuropsychology: Building Blocks of the Nervous System
- The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The CNS is encased by the skull and vertebrae.
- The PNS is outside the bones of the skull and vertebrae.
- Neurons in the CNS and PNS have different origins during development.
Brain Basics: Gross Anatomy
- The brain is divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.
- The central sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobes.
- The sylvian fissure separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
- The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain, below the occipital lobe.
Occipital Lobe Functions
- The occipital lobe processes visual information.
- Visual areas in the occipital lobe are retinotopic, meaning they map onto the retina.
- Damage to the occipital lobe can cause cortical blindness.
Parietal Lobe Functions
- The parietal lobe plays a role in body awareness.
- It's also crucial for spatial navigation and attention.
- Damage to the parietal lobe can result in attentional neglect.
Frontal Lobe Functions
- The frontal lobe is responsible for motor functions and speech.
- It also controls attention, appetitive behaviors, and social interactions.
- Emotion regulation and executive function are also roles of the frontal lobe.
- Impulse control is crucial for the normal functioning of the frontal lobe.
Phineas Gage
- Phineas Gage was a railway construction foreman.
- A rod went through his head in an accident.
- Gage's personality changed after the accident, shifting towards more unpredictable and impulsive behavior.
- His behavior became less predictable.
Temporal Lobe Functions
- The temporal lobe houses the auditory cortex, processing auditory information.
- It also plays a role in higher-level visual processing, such as object recognition and face recognition.
- Disruption of visual areas can lead to agnosia, such as prosopagnosia.
- Language comprehension and language areas within the temporal lobe can cause aphasia when disrupted.
Language Areas of the Brain
- Broca's area is responsible for producing speech.
- Wernicke's area is responsible for understanding language.
- These two areas of the brain work together to enable language.
- Auditory cortex is the listening center of the brain and helps processes sounds from the ears.
- Motor cortex is responsible for speech and mouth movements.
Central Nervous System
- The CNS is comprised of the brain and spinal cord.
- These structures are protected by the skull and vertebrae respectively.
Meninges
- The meninges are three layers of protective tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.
- The outermost layer is called dura mater, followed by arachnoid mater and then pia mater.
- They provide protection for the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis
- Meningitis is an infection resulting in inflammation of the meninges.
- This condition occurs when viral or bacterial infection affect the meninges.
- A tumor in the meninges called meningioma, might be the result of an unknown growth of cells in the meninges.
Surface Features of Human Brain
- The brain has different observable surface features visible from various perspectives.
Quick Look at a Brain Cell
- Cells in the brain are roughly divided equally between neurons and glia.
- Neurons have distinct parts: cell body, dendrites, and axon.
- The axon is usually longer than shown in diagrams.
- Myelin insulates the axon.
The Neuron's Structure
- All mammalian neurons have one cell body and one axon, but most have multiple dendrites.
- The neuron has three main sections: cell body, axon, and dendrites.
- Dendrites and axons are branchy structures that spread throughout the human brain.
Variations in Dendritic Morphology
- Dendritic morphology varies between different neurons and cell types.
- Morphology is a term used in biology for the form and shape of something
- The shape and structure of neurons change over time.
- The structure of the dendrites is essential and crucial for the formation of synapses.
Dendrites Mature Over Time
- The dendrites of neurons in the cerebral cortex develop progressively complex functions over several weeks of postnatal life.
- For humans, this process might take several years.
Dendrite Shape is Dynamic
- Dendrite structure can change over weeks.
- The patterns of dendritic tree change from different perspectives.
Dendritic Spines
- Dendritic spines are where many excitatory synapses form in the CNS (central nervous system).
- Dendritic spines have a wide variation in shape.
- Mushroom spines are more stable, while others can change in shape easily.
Loss of Dendritic Spines and Disease
- A remarkable difference exists in the thickness of dendritic spines in young and old animal subjects.
- Loss of dendritic spines is linked to certain diseases.
Plasma Membrane
- Plasma membranes consist of phospholipids (fat molecules).
- These molecules have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.
- These molecules make up the main constituent of the plasma membrane.
Channels, Gates, and Pumps
- Channels allow ions to flow across the membrane.
- Gates control ion flow in channels.
- Pumps use energy to move ions against their concentration gradient.
- The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium out and potassium into the cells.
Ionotropic Receptors
- Ionotropic receptors are receptors that form ion channels.
- Binding of neurotransmitters causes a change in shape, opening the channel transiently.
- The selectivity of the channels exists for anions or cations.
Metabotropic Receptors
- Metabotropic receptors trigger a cascade of events when bound by neurotransmitter.
- The cascade can lead to opening of ion channels or changes in gene transcription.
- These receptors do not form ion channels directly , rather they have indirect effects.
Ionotropic vs. metabotropic
- Ionotropic receptors are fast, direct; metabotropic receptors are slow, indirect.
- Ionotropic receptors directly cause ion channel openings, whereas metabotropic receptors use a secondary messenger system.
Neuronal Cytoskeleton
- The neuronal cytoskeleton provides support and shape for neurons.
- It consists of microtubules, neurofilaments, and actin microfilaments.
Axoplasmic Transport
- The transport of organelles and vesicles between the cell body and terminal of axons.
- Kinesins move material from cell body to axon terminal (anterograde).
- Dyneins move material from the terminal of the axon to the cell body (retrograde).
Oligodendrocytes make CNS myelin
- Oligodendrocytes are a class of glial cells in the CNS.
- They produce myelin, which insulates axons.
- Myelination is the production of myelin sheath.
- An electron micrograph (left) and a schematic diagram (right) show myelination of axons by oligodendrocytes.
Schwann cells make PNS myelin
- Schwann cells generate myelin in the PNS.
- They respond rapidly to injury and aid in axonal regeneration.
Astrocytes and blood vessels
- Astrocytes support neurons and exchange nutrients with blood vessel cells.
- They play a role in calcium-dependent signaling mechanisms.
Microglia are macrophages
- Microglia are immune cells in the nervous system.
- They remove damaged cells and debris and participate in synaptic pruning.
- Microglia play important roles in development and neurodegenerative diseases.
Ependymal cells make CSF
- Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain.
- They produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and form the blood-CSF barrier.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various types of glial cells and their functions in the nervous system. This quiz also covers key aspects of neuronal structure and function, including dendrites and dendritic spines. Explore how these components interact to influence neural signaling and plasticity.
