Podcast
Questions and Answers
Match the following types of glial cells with their functions:
Match the following types of glial cells with their functions:
Astrocyte = Covers capillaries in the brain and helps to form the blood-brain barrier Ependymal Cell = Function in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Microglial Cell = Cells of the lymphatic system, macrophages of the CNS Oligodendrocyte = Forms the myelin sheath in the CNS
Removal of the left cerebral hemisphere would prevent voluntary movement of the right side of the body.
Removal of the left cerebral hemisphere would prevent voluntary movement of the right side of the body.
True
The glial cell that covers the capillaries in the brain with its perivascular feet, helping to form the blood-brain barrier is a(n) ______________.
The glial cell that covers the capillaries in the brain with its perivascular feet, helping to form the blood-brain barrier is a(n) ______________.
Astrocyte
The specific location where two neurons meet is called a ____________.
The specific location where two neurons meet is called a ____________.
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Place in order the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
Place in order the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
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A regenerating axon in the PNS is guided by the regeneration tube and grows at a rate of about 5 mm per day.
A regenerating axon in the PNS is guided by the regeneration tube and grows at a rate of about 5 mm per day.
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Pain receptors in the skin send signals to the CNS for processing. These pain receptors are an example of ____________ neurons.
Pain receptors in the skin send signals to the CNS for processing. These pain receptors are an example of ____________ neurons.
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Put the cranial meninges in order, from deep (closest to the brain) to superficial (farthest from the brain).
Put the cranial meninges in order, from deep (closest to the brain) to superficial (farthest from the brain).
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The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body.
The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body.
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The most common type of neuron contains many dendrites and a single axon. Structurally, this is classified as a(n) ______________ neuron.
The most common type of neuron contains many dendrites and a single axon. Structurally, this is classified as a(n) ______________ neuron.
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In a nerve, groups of axons are wrapped into separate bundles called ____________.
In a nerve, groups of axons are wrapped into separate bundles called ____________.
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What part of your brain allows you to perform the complex, conscious intellectual task of reading and comprehension?
What part of your brain allows you to perform the complex, conscious intellectual task of reading and comprehension?
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A typical synapse in the CNS consists of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, separated by a narrow space called the ____________.
A typical synapse in the CNS consists of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, separated by a narrow space called the ____________.
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Nerve growth factors that stimulate the outgrowth of severed axons are secreted by ____________.
Nerve growth factors that stimulate the outgrowth of severed axons are secreted by ____________.
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In myelinated axons, the plasma membrane of neurolemmocytes or oligodendrocytes must repeatedly wrap around a segment of an axon to form the myelin sheath.
In myelinated axons, the plasma membrane of neurolemmocytes or oligodendrocytes must repeatedly wrap around a segment of an axon to form the myelin sheath.
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Nodes of Ranvier are gaps found in the plasma membrane of neurolemmocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Nodes of Ranvier are gaps found in the plasma membrane of neurolemmocytes and oligodendrocytes.
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There are neurolemmocytes or oligodendrocytes in unmyelinated areas of the neuron.
There are neurolemmocytes or oligodendrocytes in unmyelinated areas of the neuron.
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Another term for the __________ system is the afferent nervous system.
Another term for the __________ system is the afferent nervous system.
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Classify the given items with the appropriate group: Oligodendrocyte.
Classify the given items with the appropriate group: Oligodendrocyte.
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Classify the given items with the appropriate group: Neurolemmocyte.
Classify the given items with the appropriate group: Neurolemmocyte.
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Classify the types of neurons based on structure:
Classify the types of neurons based on structure:
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Label the regions involved in interpreting and carrying out speech information.
Label the regions involved in interpreting and carrying out speech information.
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Label the structures of a nerve.
Label the structures of a nerve.
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Label the regions of gray and white matter in the brain.
Label the regions of gray and white matter in the brain.
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The vagus nerve contains afferent and efferent neurons, therefore it is an example of a(n) __________ nerve.
The vagus nerve contains afferent and efferent neurons, therefore it is an example of a(n) __________ nerve.
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Study Notes
Glial Cells of the CNS
- Astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes are the primary glial cells.
- Astrocytes assist in blood-brain barrier maintenance and neurogenesis.
- Ependymal cells are responsible for producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Microglial cells function as macrophages in the CNS, part of the immune response.
- Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS.
Brain Hemispheres and Movement
- Removal of the left cerebral hemisphere impedes voluntary movement on the right side of the body.
Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles.
- It flows from the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle.
- CSF exits through the lateral or medial apertures into the central canal of the spinal cord.
- Maintenance occurs via subarachnoid space and drainage through arachnoid villi into dural venous sinuses.
Regeneration of Axons
- In the PNS, regenerating axons are guided by regeneration tubes, growing at approximately 5 mm per day.
Synapses and Neurons
- Synapse is the junction where two neurons communicate.
- Afferent neurons carry signals from pain receptors to the CNS.
Cranial Meninges
- Order of cranial meninges from deep to superficial: Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater.
Nervous System Functions
- Sensory input is the collection of external/internal stimuli by receptors.
- The nervous system controls muscles and glands, including voluntary and involuntary reactions.
- Homeostasis involves detecting and responding to internal/external changes.
- Integration leads to decision-making regarding responses to stimuli.
Anatomical and Functional Features
- Neurons are supported by neuroglial cells which perform various protective and supportive roles.
- Fascicles are bundles of axons in a nerve.
Neuron Classes
- Multipolar neurons are the most common type, featuring many dendrites and a single axon.
- Bipolar neurons consist of one axon and one dendrite.
- Unipolar neurons have a central and peripheral process, while anaxonic neurons lack axons.
Myelin Sheath
- Myelination increases action potential speed, with neurolemmocytes or oligodendrocytes forming the myelin sheath.
- Nodes of Ranvier are gaps between myelinated segments crucial for action potential propagation.
Speech and Interpretation Regions
- Areas involved in speech include the prefrontal cortex, motor speech area, and Wernicke area.
Nerve Structures
- Nerve structures include axons, neurolemmocytes, perineurium, epineurium, and endoneurium.
Mixed Nerves
- The vagus nerve exemplifies a mixed nerve, containing both afferent and efferent neurons.
Gray and White Matter in the Brain
- The brain's structure contains cortical gray matter surrounding inner white matter, corpus callosum, internal capsule, and cerebral nuclei.
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Description
Test your knowledge on glial cells in the central nervous system with these flashcards. Learn about the specific types of glial cells and their functions, as well as the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Perfect for students studying neuroanatomy.
