Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of ADHD that differentiates it from other disorders?
What is a key characteristic of ADHD that differentiates it from other disorders?
Which factor is NOT a component of the biological etiology for ADHD?
Which factor is NOT a component of the biological etiology for ADHD?
Which of the following is a hallmark of ASD according to the DSM-5-TR?
Which of the following is a hallmark of ASD according to the DSM-5-TR?
Which is a typical treatment option for ADHD?
Which is a typical treatment option for ADHD?
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At what age must symptoms of ADHD manifest to meet diagnostic criteria?
At what age must symptoms of ADHD manifest to meet diagnostic criteria?
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What is considered the best predictor of outcomes for individuals with ASD?
What is considered the best predictor of outcomes for individuals with ASD?
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Which of the following statements about savant syndrome is true?
Which of the following statements about savant syndrome is true?
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Which of the following biological factors is most clearly associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Which of the following biological factors is most clearly associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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What type of medication is primarily used to reduce obsessive or repetitive behaviors in individuals with ASD?
What type of medication is primarily used to reduce obsessive or repetitive behaviors in individuals with ASD?
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What aspect of cognitive functioning is NOT typically assessed in intellectual developmental disorder?
What aspect of cognitive functioning is NOT typically assessed in intellectual developmental disorder?
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What neurological characteristic is often observed in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What neurological characteristic is often observed in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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Which of the following distinguishes bulimia nervosa from anorexia nervosa in terms of interpersonal concerns?
Which of the following distinguishes bulimia nervosa from anorexia nervosa in terms of interpersonal concerns?
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What is a common physiological factor linked to the development of eating disorders?
What is a common physiological factor linked to the development of eating disorders?
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Which symptom is specifically associated with binge eating disorder and not found in anorexia or bulimia?
Which symptom is specifically associated with binge eating disorder and not found in anorexia or bulimia?
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What psychological element is emphasized by Hilde Bruch's psychodynamic view on eating disorders?
What psychological element is emphasized by Hilde Bruch's psychodynamic view on eating disorders?
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In binge eating disorder, how often must binge eating episodes occur to meet diagnostic criteria?
In binge eating disorder, how often must binge eating episodes occur to meet diagnostic criteria?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a treatment strategy for intellectual developmental disorder (IDD)?
Which of the following is NOT considered a treatment strategy for intellectual developmental disorder (IDD)?
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What is the primary method for assessing severity of intellectual developmental disorder according to DSM-5-TR?
What is the primary method for assessing severity of intellectual developmental disorder according to DSM-5-TR?
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Which cognitive deficit involves the inability to recognize objects or people?
Which cognitive deficit involves the inability to recognize objects or people?
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Which of the following genetic conditions is associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease?
Which of the following genetic conditions is associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease?
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Which environmental factor is associated with learning and communication disorders?
Which environmental factor is associated with learning and communication disorders?
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What type of disorder is characterized by a significant cognitive decline due to a vascular event?
What type of disorder is characterized by a significant cognitive decline due to a vascular event?
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Which treatment is commonly used to manage agitation in individuals with neuro-cognitive disorders?
Which treatment is commonly used to manage agitation in individuals with neuro-cognitive disorders?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with delirium?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with delirium?
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Which of the following symptoms distinguishes oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) from conduct disorder (CD)?
Which of the following symptoms distinguishes oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) from conduct disorder (CD)?
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What genetic factor is associated with an increased risk of developing aggressive traits and conduct disorder?
What genetic factor is associated with an increased risk of developing aggressive traits and conduct disorder?
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Which statement correctly describes the prevalence of conduct disorder relative to gender?
Which statement correctly describes the prevalence of conduct disorder relative to gender?
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What is the primary goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy for children with conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder?
What is the primary goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy for children with conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder?
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According to Cleckley’s criteria, which of the following traits is a hallmark of psychopathy?
According to Cleckley’s criteria, which of the following traits is a hallmark of psychopathy?
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Which statement reflects a misconception about antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)?
Which statement reflects a misconception about antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)?
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Which environmental factor contributes significantly to the development of conduct disorder?
Which environmental factor contributes significantly to the development of conduct disorder?
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What treatment approach is typically least effective for individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?
What treatment approach is typically least effective for individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?
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Which characteristic traits often correlate with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in terms of biological influence?
Which characteristic traits often correlate with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in terms of biological influence?
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How does relational aggression primarily manifest, particularly among girls?
How does relational aggression primarily manifest, particularly among girls?
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What is required for a diagnosis of intermittent explosive disorder?
What is required for a diagnosis of intermittent explosive disorder?
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Which of the following best describes the 'restricting type' of anorexia nervosa?
Which of the following best describes the 'restricting type' of anorexia nervosa?
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What defines the binge-eating episode in bulimia nervosa?
What defines the binge-eating episode in bulimia nervosa?
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Which factor is NOT commonly associated with the development of intermittent explosive disorder?
Which factor is NOT commonly associated with the development of intermittent explosive disorder?
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What is the minimal BMI for a diagnosis of mild anorexia nervosa?
What is the minimal BMI for a diagnosis of mild anorexia nervosa?
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What characterizes ARFID (Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder)?
What characterizes ARFID (Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder)?
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What distinguishes the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa from the restricting type?
What distinguishes the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa from the restricting type?
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Between which ages does anorexia nervosa typically begin?
Between which ages does anorexia nervosa typically begin?
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What is a common consequence of intermittent explosive disorder?
What is a common consequence of intermittent explosive disorder?
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What is the lifetime prevalence of developing anorexia nervosa in the general population?
What is the lifetime prevalence of developing anorexia nervosa in the general population?
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Study Notes
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- ADHD (diagnosed in adulthood too): symptoms (inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity) present before age 12, and in 2+ settings. Presentations include predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined.
- ASD (autism): persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and relationship development; restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
- Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD): deficits in intellectual function (reasoning, problem-solving, learning) and adaptive functioning (personal independence and social responsibility), confirmed by clinical assessment and standardized tests; onset during developmental period. Severity rated as mild, moderate, severe, profound.
- Learning, Communication, and Motor Disorders: deficits or abnormalities in specific skills or behaviors not due to intellectual disability, global developmental delay, neurological disorders, or general external factors.
ADHD (cont.)
- DSM-5-TR (Inattention): Fails to give close attention, sustaining attention, listen, follow instructions, organize tasks, avoid mental tasks, lose things, easily distracted, forgetful.
- DSM-5-TR (Hyperactivity): Fidgeting, leaving seat, running/climbing inappropriately, inability to play quietly, “on the go,” talks excessively, blurts out answers, difficulty waiting, interrupting.
- Epidemiology: Affects 5-7% of children, boys > girls, multiple settings, outcomes vary. Adults: ~4.4% diagnosed.
- Etiology (Biological): Cerebral cortex size, prefrontal cortex immaturity, neurotransmitter dysregulation (dopamine and norepinephrine). Prenatal and birth complications.
- Etiology (Psychosocial): Frequent life disruptions (moving, divorce), father's increased risk for antisocial behavior, hostile or conflicted parent-child interactions.
- Treatments: Drug therapy (stimulants like Ritalin, Dexedrine, Concerta, Adderall, Vyvanse; increasing dopamine; non-stimulants (Intuniv, Qelbree), behavioral therapy (reinforcing attentive behaviors, extinguishing impulsive ones).
ASD (cont.)
- Epidemiology: ~50% with intellectual disability; IQ best predictor of outcome; savant syndrome (rare); early childhood onset required; ongoing support may be needed in adulthood.
- Etiology (Biological): Polygenic disorder; general vulnerability to cognitive impairment; neurological factors (brain/head size, seizures in 30%), brain structure abnormalities, genetics/prenatal/birth complications. Serotonin and dopamine implicated.
- Etiology (Psychological factors): Difficulty relating to others' feelings (theory of mind, mirror neuron dysfunction); lack of empathy.
- Treatments: Drug treatments (SSRIs (reduce repetitive behaviors), atypical antipsychotics (reduce obsessive behaviors), stimulants (improve attention)); psychosocial treatments (behavioral techniques, structured education, operant conditioning, comprehensive behavior therapy).
IDD (cont.)
- Etiology (Genetic): Phenylketonuria (PKU), Tay-Sachs disease, Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), Fragile X syndrome.
- Etiology (Prenatal): Infections (rubella, syphilis), drugs/alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome).
- Treatments: Behavioral strategies (operant conditioning, modeling); drug therapy (antipsychotics, antidepressants); social programs (mainstreaming, group homes).
Learning, Communication, and Motor Disorders
- Causes (Learning/Communication): Genetic factors, brain structure/functioning abnormalities (e.g., Broca's area), environmental factors (lead poisoning, birth defects, sensory deprivation, low SES).
- Treatments: Therapies to build skills; individualized education plans (IEP), parent/teacher interventions, changes in skills affecting brain function.
- Motor Disorders: Tourette's disorder.
Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs)
- Major NCD: Dementia (like Alzheimer's), vascular NCD, NCDs associated with other medical conditions.
- Cognitive Deficits: Amnesia, aphasia, echolalia, palilalia, apraxia, agnosia, loss of executive function.
- Dementia (Alzheimer's): Clear decline in learning and memory, progressing to profound loss and disorientation; common psychiatric symptoms (agitation, irritability, apathy, dysphoria, hallucinations/delusions).
- Biology of Alzheimer's: Neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein), senile plaques (beta-amyloid), extensive cell death (cortex shrinks, ventricles enlarge).
- Causes of Alzheimer's: Genetic predisposition (ApoE gene), chromosome 21 (Down syndrome), multiple neurotransmitter deficits (acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, somatostatin, peptide Y).
- Vascular NCD: Significant decline in processing speed, attention, and executive functions due to cerebrovascular disease or stroke.
Delirium
- Causes: Neurotransmitter abnormalities, prior neurocognitive disorder, intoxication/withdrawal, electrolyte/medication imbalances, toxic substances, medical conditions affecting acetylcholine levels.
- Treatments: Treat underlying condition, discontinue contributing drugs, antipsychotic medications, nursing care, secure atmosphere.
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Description
Explore the key aspects of neurodevelopmental disorders, including ADHD, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and intellectual developmental disorder (IDD). This quiz covers symptoms, presentations, and classifications of these disorders, providing a comprehensive understanding for better recognition and assessment.
