Neurochemical Disorders I: Affective Disorders

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What is the main feature of affective disorders?

Psychotic features such as delusions and hallucinations

A pathological lowering of mood

Both a pathological lowering and elevation of mood (correct)

A pathological elevation of mood

What type of psychosis is typically seen in depression?

Psychosis with delusions of grandeur

Psychosis with paranoid delusions

Psychosis with disorganized thoughts and behaviors

Psychosis with mood-congruent delusions and hallucinations (correct)

Which of the following is not a type of mood disorder according to the text?

Bipolar I/II disorder

Schizoaffective disorder (correct)

Persistent depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder

What is the key feature of bipolar affective disorder according to the text?

Oscillation between depression and mania Signup and view all the answers

What is required for an accurate diagnosis of a mood disorder?

A careful past medical and psychiatric history Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reference source used for the diagnostic criteria of mood disorders mentioned in the text?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-V) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of hallucination experienced in schizophrenia?

Auditory hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Anhedonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the reduced or absent emotional expression in schizophrenia?

Affective flattening Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Formal thought disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the disorganized thinking and speech in schizophrenia?

Formal thought disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key symptom of schizophrenia listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-V)?

Obsessive-compulsive behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an additional sign of depression?

Increased motivation and energy levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications inhibit the re-uptake of noradrenaline and/or serotonin?

Amine uptake inhibitors (SSRIs, SNRIs) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as having a mood-stabilizing action for bipolar disorder?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia?

1% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about schizophrenia is NOT true?

It is more common in women. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is NOT mentioned in the text?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mesolimbic dopamine system in schizophrenia?

Involved in positive symptoms like delusions Signup and view all the answers

How do genetic factors contribute to the development of schizophrenia?

They greatly increase the risk for first-degree relatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia's basic model?

Excess dopamine in the prefrontal cortex mediates positive symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What are the recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) confirming about schizophrenia?

Confirming a genetic basis including genes involved in inflammation and myelination Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mesocortical dopamine system in schizophrenia?

Involved in cognitive functions and executive function Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway dysfunction is implicated in cognitive deficits and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Mesocortical dopamine system dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of glutamate receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia?

It may lead to up-regulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system and down-regulation of the mesocortical system Signup and view all the answers

According to the neurodevelopment theory, which of the following events may occur in schizophrenia?

Neurons fail to migrate correctly, make inappropriate connections, and undergo apoptosis later in life Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia?

They block dopamine receptors in the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about dopamine receptors is true?

D3 and D4 receptors are found mainly in the limbic areas Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue faced by patients with schizophrenia, even when they are taking antipsychotic medications?

Relapses are common Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of atypical antipsychotic drugs over traditional antipsychotics?

They have a reduced tendency to cause movement disorders Signup and view all the answers