2024 Physiology MCQ Module 2 Part 2

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Questions and Answers

The autoregulation shown in Figure 1 suggests:

Partial pressure of oxygen shown in curve B

Mean arterial pressure shown by curve C

Normal autoregulation at phase D (correct)

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide shown in curve A

Passive collapse at phase E

Which area is NOT normally considered to be an autonomic control center?

pons

amygdala

hippocampus (correct)

medulla

hypothalamus

A man falls asleep with one arm under his head. The arm is paralyzed when he awakens, but it tingles, and the pain sensation is still intact. The reason for the loss of motor function without loss of pain is that the nerves to his arm

Sensory nerves are nearer to the bone than motor nerves and hence less affected by pressure

C fibres are more sensitive to pressure than A fibres

A fibres are more susceptible to hypoxia than B fibres

A fibres are more sensitive to pressure than C fibres (correct)

Motor nerves are more affected by sleep than sensory fibres

With regard to cerebrospinal fluid, which statement is FALSE?

contains more proteins than plasma Signup and view all the answers

In a patient with right internuclear ophthalmoplegia:

Left abductor nystagmus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the processes involved in the synthesis, storage, release, binding to a receptor, and termination of action of a common neurotransmitter?

Serotonin is synthesized from trytophan, stored in synaptic vesicles until its release into the synaptic cleft; it then acts primarily on GPCRs and its actions are terminated primarily by reuptake into the presynaptic nerve terminal. Signup and view all the answers

A medical student is studying neurons that are part of a descending pain modulating pathway. What brain region is correctly paired with the neurotransmitters it releases and the location where the neurotransmitter is released?

Locus coeruleus neurons release norepinephrine in the spinal dorsal horn. Signup and view all the answers

Recruitment and activation of motor units is tested by

Electromyography Signup and view all the answers

The following area is primarily involved in the initiation of a saccadic eye movement:

Frontal eye field. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following has its cell body in the ganglion?

Postganglionic neuron Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is low in Parkinson's disease:

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

A 40-year-old man loses his right hand in a farm accident. Four years later, he has episodes of severe pain in the missing hand (phantom limb pain). A detailed PET scan study of his cerebral cortex might be expected to show

projection of fibers from neighboring sensory areas into the right hand area of his right primary somatosensory cortex. Signup and view all the answers

List four disease that will happen in case of any part of basal ganglia is effected ?

all the above Signup and view all the answers

A 71-year-old man has a six-month history of being apathetic, unmotivated, and having poor judgment and inappropriate social behavior. These symptoms suggest dysfunction of what part of the brain?

Frontal lobes. Signup and view all the answers

Post-mortem studies of Alzheimer's disease have shown:

Enlarged ventricles. Signup and view all the answers

The inability to undertake a series of movements involving a planning component, and the commission of errors that include inappropriate object use, is called:

Ideational apraxia Signup and view all the answers

The brain is very sensitive to even short periods of ischaemia. The following statement is TRUE:

CBF < 30 mL/100 g/min results in. cellular death Signup and view all the answers

Brown sequard syndrome:

Ipsilateral motor deficit. Signup and view all the answers

A 32-year-old woman experienced the sudden onset of a severe cramping pain in the abdominal region. She also became nauseated. List some of the common features of visceral pain.

It is poorly localized, is accompanied by sweating, radiates to a somatic structure that may be some distance away, and is relayed to the somatosensory cortex via the spinothalamic tract. Signup and view all the answers

Current neuroimaging research suggests that in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome:

all of the above Signup and view all the answers

The intracranial pressure compliance volume curve shown in Figure 2 can be interpreted as:

Compensation reserve gradually depleted with decreased compliance at C Signup and view all the answers

In deep brain stimulation, which of the following is best target for the treatment of essential tremor?

Globus pallidus interna Signup and view all the answers

A 67-year-old man has motor neurone disease. Which of the following features is NOT seen in a pseudobulbar palsy?

Tongue wasting and fasciculations Signup and view all the answers

Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease are examples of:

Extrapyramidal disorders Signup and view all the answers

The inappropriate use of objects has been specifically termed:

Ideational apraxia Signup and view all the answers

Which dementia is characterized by frontal lobe symptoms and a specific histology?

Front-temporal dementia. Signup and view all the answers

A ventrolateral cordotomy is performed that produces relief of pain in the right leg. It is effective because it interrupts the

right ventrolateral spinothalamic tract. Signup and view all the answers

The following events occurs in a sympathetic noradrenergic neuroeffector junction except _.

Dopamine is converted to adrenaline within the vesicles. Signup and view all the answers

The Gold Standard drug(s) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease is/are ; this/these act(s) by

L-Dopa; increasing the amount of dopamine available Signup and view all the answers

Secondary brain injury occurs hours to days after the primary injury through the following different mechanisms EXCEPT:

Reduced ICP Signup and view all the answers

Lesions of the extrapyramidal tract, all the following are true except;

produce no muscle weakness Signup and view all the answers

Which association is not correct between receptor and stimulus?

Rod photoreceptors Red light Signup and view all the answers

Neuroleptic drugs that block dopamine D2 receptors:

Reduce coprolalia in Tourette's syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Question 38

Cerebral blood flow is measured in mL/100g/min
Autoregulation is shown in a graph with PaO2/PaCO2 (kPa) on the x-axis and Cerebral blood flow (mL/100g/min) on the y-axis.
The graph shows different curves (A, B, C) representing different conditions.
Curve C represents mean arterial pressure
Curve B represents partial pressure of oxygen
Curve A represents partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Phase D represents normal autoregulation

Question 39

The medulla, amygdala, pons, hippocampus, and hypothalamus are autonomic control centers.

Question 40

A man falls asleep with his arm under his head. There is now pain but paralysis.
A fibres are more susceptible to hypoxia than B fibres.
Sensory nerves are more close to the bone than motor nerves, therefore are less affected by pressure.

Question 41

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has lower K+ and glucose than plasma
CSF is produced at a rate of ~700-750ML per day in adults.
CSF drains into venous sinuses.
CSF is mainly formed in choroid plexuses
CSF contains less proteins than plasma.

Question 42

Lesion in the right medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
Left eye saccadic movement is normal
Right abducent deficit

Question 43

Synthesis, storage, release, and termination of glutamate.
Synthesized from glutamine in glia.
Sequenced into vesicles.
Released in response to neuronal depolarization.
Acts on ligand-gated ion channels.
Inactivated by reuptake.

Question 44

Locus coeruleus neurons release norepinephrine in the spinal dorsal horn
Periaqueductal gray neurons release endorphins in the spinal dorsal horn
Locus coeruleus neurons release serotonin in the nucleus raphe magnus
Periaqueductal gray releases dynorphin in the rostral ventromedial medulla
Nucleus raphe magnus releases serotonin in the dorsal root ganglion

Question 45

Recruitment and activation of motor units tested by electromyography.

Question 46

Posterior parietal cortex is involved in initiating saccadic eye movement
Other areas involved are frontal eye field, superior colliculus, and inferior colliculus.

Question 47

Preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons have cell bodies in ganglia.

Question 48

Recruitment and activation of motor units are tested using electromyography, clinical examination of tendon jerks, and nerve action potential recordings.

Question 49

Noradrenaline, Dopamine, and Acetylcholine levels are low in Parkinson's disease
Other neurotransmitters may have lower or even normal levels.

Question 50

PET scan study shows metabolically inactive spot corresponding to the missing hand in the left primary somatosensory cortex of a patient with phantom limb pain.

Question 51

Basal ganglia damage causes Hemiballismus, Chorea, Parkinsonism, and Athetosis.

Question 52

Apathetic, unmotivated, and poor judgment, and inappropriate social behavior suggests dysfunction in the frontal lobes.

Question 53

Post-mortem studies of Alzheimer's disease show shrinkage of frontal and temporal gyri.

Question 54

Incapacity to execute series of movements, and errors that include inappropriate object use is called apraxia.
This can be Ideational, ideomotor or limb apraxia.

Question 55

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) less than 10mL/100g/min results in cellular acidosis
CBF less than 50mL/100g/min results in impaired protein synthesis
CBF less than 30mL/100g/min leads to cellular death
CBF less than 20mL/100g/min causes failure of cell membrane ion pumps and loss of transmembrane electrochemical gradients
CBF less than 40mL/100g/min leads to cellular oedema

Question 56

Brown sequard syndrome is commonly caused by traumatic injuries
Motor recovery is generally good
Ipsilateral motor deficit
Contralateral loss of vibration, position sense, pain, and temperature

Question 57

Visceral pain is mediated by Aδ and C fibers, relayed to the cortex by the spinothalamic tract.
It is poorly localized, can radiate to a distant somatic structure, accompanied by sweating and often causes spasms of visceral and skeletal muscles.
Pain from visceral organs can also produce rapid sharp pain and induce spasms in the visceral muscles.

Question 58

Neuroimaging research suggests dysfunction in the connection between the basal ganglia and orbitofrontal cortex, connections between basal ganglia, and dopamine levels in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

Question 59

Intracranial pressure compliance volume curve can be interpreted as compensation with high compliance at D, minimal compliance at B, increased risk of cerebral edema and herniation at C, and collapse of cerebral microvasculature at A.

Question 60

Thalamus is the best target for essential tremor treatment in deep brain stimulation.
Stimulation targets other structures, like the subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus, can also be considered.

Question 61

Features not seen in pseudobulbar palsy include exaggerated gag reflex, dysphagia, brisk jaw jerk, spastic tongue, and wasting/fasciculations. Most of the symptoms are related to weakness of muscles, not spasticity or rigidity.

Question 62

Huntington's Disease and Parkinson's Disease are examples of Extrapyramidal disorders.

Question 63

The improper use of objects is termed apraxia.

Question 64

Picks disease is a dementia characterized by frontal lobe symptoms and a specific histology.

Question 65

A ventrolateral cordotomy interrupts the right ventrolateral spinothalamic tract, alleviating pain in the right leg.

Question 66

Tyrosine converts to DOPA, then to DA, which is stored in vesicles.
Uptake of DA into vesicles is blocked by drugs such as reserpine.
Dopamine is converted to adrenaline, NOT within synaptic vesicles

Question 67

L-Dopa increases dopamine availability.
Benzodiazepines do not directly increase dopamine.

Question 68

Secondary brain injury can occur from different mechanisms, like ischaemia, infection, increase in intracranial pressure, cerebral oedema and seizures.

Question 69

Lesions in the extrapyramidal tract can cause facial expression changes, swallowing problems, arm swinging issues during walking, tremors, and hypertonia that affects only a limited muscle group.

Question 70

Pacinian corpuscles respond to pressure, muscle spindles to tapping, utricle to linear acceleration of the head, and rod photoreceptors to red light.

Question 71

Neuroleptic drugs that block dopamine D2 receptors often reduce coprolalia in Tourette's syndrome. Their effects include reduce anxiety but not necessarily increase anxiety.

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