Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

Which tract primarily innervates appendicular muscles such as those of the arms and legs?

  • Dorsal Column Pathway
  • Ventral Corticospinal Tract
  • Lateral Corticospinal Tract (correct)
  • Anterolateral Pathway

    • The dorsal column pathway is responsible for processing pain and temperature sensations.

    False

    What is the role of the thalamus in the nervous system?

    The thalamus relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and is involved in the regulation of consciousness and alertness.

    The __________ nervous system regulates involuntary body functions such as heart rate and digestion.

    <p>autonomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the nervous system with their functions:

    <p>Lateral Corticospinal Tract = Innervates appendicular muscles Ventral Corticospinal Tract = Innervates axial muscles Reflex Arc = Allows quick response to stimuli Thalamus = Relay center for sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for transmitting fine touch and proprioception?

    <p>Dorsal Column (Medial Lemniscus) Pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Anterolateral Pathway transmits sensations of fine touch and pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thalamus in the somatic sensory pathways?

    <p>Acts as a relay center for sensory signals and directs input to specific regions of the primary somatosensory cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first-order neuron starts at the sensory receptor and enters the _______.

    <p>spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pathway with the type of sensation it transmits:

    <p>Dorsal Column Pathway = Proprioception and fine touch Anterolateral Pathway = Pain and temperature Somatic Sensory Pathways = Conscious sensations Thalamus = Relay center for sensory signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the sensory signals transmitted by the anterior tract?

    <p>Signals from the upper parts of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second-order neuron in both somatic sensory pathways decussates and synapses at the level of the entry in the spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of sensory pathways?

    <p>Transmits sensory signals from skin and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the 3rd-order neuron travel to after synapsing in the thalamus?

    <p>Primary somatosensory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dorsal root ganglion contains motor neuron cell bodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures do the motor pathways primarily target?

    <p>Skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    White matter in the spinal cord is primarily composed of __________.

    <p>axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathway components with their functions:

    <p>Upper motor neuron = Originates in the primary motor cortex Lower motor neuron = Ends at the skeletal muscle Basal nuclei = Adjusts muscle contraction Cerebellum = Fine-tunes movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pathways are involved in transmitting sensory information?

    <p>Dorsal Column pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thalamus is responsible for integrating motor signals only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the basal nuclei in motor pathways?

    <p>To adjust muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gray matter contains __________ of neurons.

    <p>cell bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of motor pathways?

    <p>Involves nerve plexuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synapse allows electrical signals to pass directly from one cell to another?

    <p>Electrical Synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The signal in a chemical synapse can travel in both directions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Regulates skeletal muscle movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of receptors that detect body position and movement are called __________.

    <p>proprioceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of sensory receptors to their functions:

    <p>Mechanoreceptors = Detect pressure and vibration Thermoreceptors = Detect changes in temperature Nociceptors = Detect pain Proprioceptors = Detect body position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a chemical synapse?

    <p>Neuromuscular Junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrical synapses are slower than chemical synapses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the thalamus play in sensory pathways?

    <p>Relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main pathways for sensory information include the Dorsal Column (Medial Lemniscus) pathway and the __________ pathway.

    <p>Anterolateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their respective functions:

    <p>Pacinian Corpuscles = Detect pressure Meissner’s Corpuscles = Detect light touch Free Nerve Endings = Detect pain and temperature Muscle Spindles = Detect stretch in muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is responsible for carrying sensory information from sensory receptors to the CNS?

    <p>Somatic Afferent Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple axons in the CNS.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

    <p>To maintain the blood-brain barrier and regulate neurotransmitter levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schwann cells are responsible for forming the __________ sheath in the peripheral nervous system.

    <p>myelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neuroglial cells to their functions:

    <p>Astrocytes = Contribute to the blood-brain barrier Ependymal cells = Produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid Oligodendrocytes = Myelinate multiple axons in the CNS Schwann cells = Myelinate axons in the PNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of the motor pathway?

    <p>Transmits motor signals to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gray matter surrounds white matter in the spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are primarily found in gray matter?

    <p>Sensory and motor cell bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary rami of the motor pathway is __________ than the sensory pathway.

    <p>larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT involved in the sensory pathway?

    <p>Ventral horns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathway types with their primary function:

    <p>Pyramidal tracts = Muscle contraction Corticobulbar tracts = Facial muscle control Dorsal column pathway = Fine touch sensation Anterolateral pathway = Pain and temperature sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two motor neurons involved in somatic motor pathways?

    <p>Upper motor neuron (UMN) and Lower motor neuron (LMN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the dorsal column (medial lemniscus) pathway primarily serve?

    <p>Transmits proprioception and fine touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ matter in the spinal cord primarily transmits information.

    <p>white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second-order neuron in the anterolateral pathway decussates in the thalamus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the thalamus in sensory pathways?

    <p>Acts as a relay center for sensory signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ pathway transmits sensations of pain and temperature.

    <p>anterolateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sensory pathways with the sensations they transmit:

    <p>Dorsal Column Pathway = Proprioception and fine touch Anterolateral Pathway = Pain and temperature Anterior Tract = Upper body sensations Lateral Tract = Lower body sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuron starts at the sensory receptor and enters the spinal cord?

    <p>1st-Order Neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary somatosensory cortex is where the brain interprets sensory information.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Prepares the body for stressful situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic division increases heart rate and stimulates digestion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response?

    <p>Parasympathetic Division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enteric nervous system primarily controls the __________ tract.

    <p>gastrointestinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic division?

    <p>Stimulates digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each division of the autonomic nervous system with its primary function:

    <p>Sympathetic Division = Fight or flight response Parasympathetic Division = Rest and digest response Enteric Nervous System = Controls gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic trunk ganglia are located along both sides of the vertebral column.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one key function of the enteric nervous system.

    <p>Regulates the movement of food through the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic division __________ blood flow to muscles during emergency situations.

    <p>redirects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sensory (afferent) nervous system?

    <p>Collect sensory information from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the motor (efferent) nervous system is incorrect?

    <p>It collects sensory information from receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the nervous system is primarily involved in processing and relaying information within the CNS?

    <p>Interneurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do neuroglial cells play in the nervous system?

    <p>Support and protect neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes ganglia in the context of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Groups of neuron cell bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of oligodendrocytes differentiates them from Schwann cells in terms of myelination?

    <p>They myelinate multiple axons simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type in the central nervous system assists in repairing damaged nerve cells?

    <p>Astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>They regulate nutrient exchange between neurons and their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do astrocytes play in maintaining the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>They regulate ion concentration in the extracellular space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the function of visceral afferent neurons?

    <p>They transmit sensory information from internal organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs)?

    <p>They can differentiate into oligodendrocytes or astrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action occurs at a chemical synapse during neurotransmission?

    <p>Neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic synaptic vesicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily characterizes the function of the lateral corticospinal tract?

    <p>Innervates appendicular muscles such as those in the arms and legs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the ventral corticospinal tract is true?

    <p>It mainly concerns the control of axial muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interneurons in a reflex arc?

    <p>They facilitate rapid processing through synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a sensory neuron function within a reflex arc?

    <p>It carries information from nociceptors to the spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It operates independently of conscious control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs immediately after a sensory neuron activates a pain receptor?

    <p>The sensory information splits and synapses with motor neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the ventral corticospinal tract differ from the lateral corticospinal tract?

    <p>It mainly controls axial muscle function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of spinal cord injuries on neural impulses?

    <p>They inhibit the passage of impulses at the level of injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a reflex arc?

    <p>A quick response pathway that circumvents brain processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of motor pathways?

    <p>Controlling muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway involves the upper motor neuron originating in the primary motor cortex?

    <p>Corticobulbar tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of sensory pathways compared to motor pathways?

    <p>Smaller primary rami size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of matter in the spinal cord is responsible for processing and integrating information?

    <p>Gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for containing sensory neuron cell bodies in a sensory pathway?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the composition of white matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>Consists of nerve fibers (axons)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are primarily found in the gray matter of the spinal cord?

    <p>Both motor and sensory cell bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is involved only in motor pathways?

    <p>Ventral horns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the organization of white matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>Arranged into organized columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System Organization

    • Definitions:
      • Ganglia: groups of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
      • Nerve: bundles of axons in the PNS
      • Synapse: junction between neurons, or a neuron and another cell
      • Sensory (afferent) neurons: carry signals from the body to the central nervous system (CNS)
      • Motor (efferent) neurons: carry signals to muscles or glands from the CNS
      • Interneurons (multipolar): connect neurons within the CNS
      • Afferent fiber: carries sensory info to the CNS
      • Efferent fiber: carries motor commands from the CNS
      • Satellite cells: surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, separating them from interstitial fluid and regulating the exchange of nutrients and waste.

    Structural Divisions

    • Central Nervous System (CNS):
      • Brain and spinal cord
      • Integrates and processes information
      • Covered by protective membranes called meninges
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
      • All neural tissue outside the CNS
      • Carries information to and from the CNS, causing responses
      • Includes everything outside the meninges.

    Functional Divisions

    • Motor (Efferent):
      • Carries motor commands from the CNS to the PNS
      • Innervates muscles and glands
      • Somatic: voluntary control of skeletal muscles. Impulses go from the brain or spinal cord to muscles.
      • Visceral: involuntary control of smooth, cardiac muscle and glands
    • Sensory (Afferent):
      • Collects sensory information (stimulus) from the internal & external environments.
      • Carries information to the CNS
      • Somatic: sensory info from skin, muscles, and joints
      • Visceral: sensory info from internal organs

    Neuroglia (Glial Cells)

    • Functions: Support cells of the nervous system that don't transmit electrical impulses.
    • CNS:
      • Astrocytes: most common; regulate neurotransmitters, maintain structure, and stimulate oligodendrocytes
      • Microglial: immune cells, remove damaged neurons and infectious agents
      • Ependymal: line ventricles, produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
      • Oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS (one oligodendrocyte myelinates multiple axons)
    • PNS:
      • Schwann Cells (Neurolemmocytes): form myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS, similar to oligodendrocytes.
      • Satellite Cells: surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, separating them from interstitial fluid and regulating the exchange of nutrients and waste.

    Important Tissues & Structures

    • Tissues: Somatic efferent (e.g., muscles), somatic afferent (e.g., skin), visceral efferent (e.g., internal organs), visceral afferent (e.g., internal organs), heart, lungs, blood vessels, gastro-intestinal tract, urinary system.

    Spinal Cord & Sensory/Motor Tracts

    • Spinal cord: Integrates afferent & efferent pathways. White matter contains ascending and descending tracts.
    • Sensory Tracts (Ascending): Carry signals from the periphery to the brain, eg., dorsal column and anterolateral pathways
    • Motor Tracts (Descending): Carry signals from the brain to the periphery, eg., Lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts, and corticobulbar tracts.
    • Sensory Receptors:
      • Mechanoreceptors: touch, pressure, vibration
      • Thermoreceptors: temperature
      • Nociceptors: pain
      • Proprioceptors: body position

    Pain Reflex Arc

    • Reflex arc: a basic functional unit of the nervous system, allowing rapid response to a stimulus, without involving the brain.
    • Example of structural and functional nervous system organization
    • Steps: pain receptor activation, signal traveling to the spinal cord, immediate response (motor neuron pulls body part away), eventually a signal travels to the brain to signal pain, causing the sensation of pain.

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • ANS: Controls involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion).
    • Sympathetic: "fight-or-flight": increases heart rate, blood pressure, redirects blood flow, stimulates glucose release.
    • Parasympathetic: "rest-and-digest": decreases heart rate, blood pressure, stimulates digestion, conserves energy.
    • Enteric: controls the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Other Components: Adrenal medulla (modified sympathetic ganglion), cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X, S2-S4), preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. Intramural and terminal ganglia.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the organization of the nervous system, including the definitions and functions of ganglia, nerves, and types of neurons. Explore the structural divisions between the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

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