Nervous System Functions and Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?

  • Produce neurotransmitters
  • Transmit action potentials to the effectors
  • Receive information from other neurons (correct)
  • Protect the neuron from injury
  • What characterizes the axon of a neuron?

  • Varies in diameter along its length
  • Has a conical shape at its origin (correct)
  • Contains synaptic vesicles exclusively at the axon hillock
  • Extensively branched like dendrites
  • Which type of neuron is responsible for detecting stimuli from the environment?

  • Interneurons
  • Efferent neurons
  • Sensory neurons (correct)
  • Motor neurons
  • What term describes the movement of signals away from the neuron cell body?

    <p>Anterograde movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major component of the neuron cell body?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the synapse located in relation to the axon?

    <p>At the presynaptic terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is not found in the neuron cell body?

    <p>Dendritic spines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the presynaptic terminal serve?

    <p>Stores neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron has many dendrites and a single axon?

    <p>Multipolar neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of astrocytes in the Central Nervous System?

    <p>Form the blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glial cell is responsible for phagocytosing foreign bodies in the CNS?

    <p>Microglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bipolar neurons are primarily found in which region of the body?

    <p>Sensory organs like the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of oligodendrocytes in the nervous system?

    <p>Insulate axons with myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes pseudo-unipolar neurons from bipolar neurons?

    <p>They originate from fused processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron does not have an axon?

    <p>Anaxonic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Support and nourish neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lateral hemispheres of the brain?

    <p>Planning, practicing, and learning complex movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is excluded from the thalamus' role as a sensory relay center?

    <p>Smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the flocculonodular lobe located and what is its primary function?

    <p>In the cerebellum, controlling balance and eye movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle in the brain?

    <p>Cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is found in the forebrain?

    <p>Diencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the cerebrum's cortex?

    <p>Grey matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main lobes of the cerebellum?

    <p>Anterior, Posterior, Flocculonodular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the midbrain primarily serve?

    <p>Coordinating visual and auditory reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves are present in the human body?

    <p>12 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which root of a spinal nerve carries nerve impulses toward the CNS?

    <p>Posterior root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of sensory ganglia in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>To relay sensory information to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for voluntary motor function and personality?

    <p>Frontal Lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Cell bodies located in the thoracic and lumbar regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the parietal lobe?

    <p>Processing sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the parasympathetic nervous system, where are the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons located?

    <p>In the ganglia at the walls of effector organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?

    <p>31 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is considered the '5th lobe' of the brain and is involved in taste?

    <p>Insula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei are part of the basal ganglia?

    <p>Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the collection of nerve bodies within the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

    <p>Longitudinal Fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with the limbic system?

    <p>Vision processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of white matter in the cerebrum?

    <p>Connecting different brain regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>12 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Functions of the Nervous System

    • Receives sensory input from the environment.
    • Integrates information for response and action.
    • Controls movements of muscles and secretion from glands.
    • Maintains homeostasis within the body.
    • Establishes and sustains mental activities, including cognition and emotion.

    Organization of the Nervous System

    • Divided into Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

    Cells of the Nervous System: Neurons

    • Neurons are electrically excitable cells comprising:
      • Neuron Cell Body (Soma): Contains the nucleus and typical cellular structures.
      • Dendrites: Short, branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons.
      • Axon: A long extension, originates from the axon hillock, that transmits impulses away from the neuron.

    Neuron Structure

    • Neuron Cell Body (Soma): Houses the nucleus and has Nissl bodies for protein synthesis.
    • Dendrites: Function to gather messages from other neurons.
    • Axons: Elicit signals away from the neuron, ending at synapses, with axoplasm as cytoplasm and axolemma as membrane.
    • Signal transmission follows:
      • Anterograde movement: Away from the cell body.
      • Retrograde movement: Toward the cell body.

    Types of Neurons Based on Function

    • Sensory Neurons (Afferent): Relay sensory information to the CNS.
    • Motor Neurons (Efferent): Transmit signals from the CNS to muscles or glands.
    • Interneurons: Connect neurons within the CNS, facilitating communication.

    Types of Neurons Based on Dendrites

    • Multipolar Neurons: Many dendrites, one axon; primarily motor and CNS neurons.
    • Bipolar Neurons: One dendrite and one axon; often in sensory organs.
    • Pseudo-Unipolar Neurons: Start as bipolar but fuse into a single process; common in sensory pathways.
    • Anaxonic Neurons: Lack axons, primarily found in brain structures.

    Glial Cells

    • Support and protect neurons, with four main types in the CNS:
      • Astrocytes: Create the blood-brain barrier, regulate ion exchange.
      • Ependymal Cells: Line brain cavities, produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
      • Microglia: Act as immune cells, clearing debris and pathogens.
      • Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheath around CNS axons.

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • Composed of cranial and spinal nerves:
      • 12 pairs of cranial nerves exiting the skull.
      • 31 pairs of spinal nerves leaving the spinal cord.

    Spinal Nerves

    • Divided into:
      • 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal nerves.
    • Comprised of two roots:
      • Anterior Root: Efferent fibers, signaling away from the CNS.
      • Posterior Root: Afferent fibers, conveying sensory information to the CNS.

    Ganglia

    • Clusters of nerve cell bodies in PNS, functioning as relay stations.
    • Types include sensory ganglia (related to sensation) and autonomic ganglia (related to involuntary control).

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Divided into:
      • Sympathetic Nervous System: Prepares the body for "fight or flight."
      • Parasympathetic Nervous System: Responsible for "rest and digest" functions.

    Sympathetic Nervous System

    • Preganglionic neurons originate in thoracic and lumbar regions.
    • Features short preganglionic fiber and long postganglionic fiber.

    Parasympathetic Nervous System

    • Preganglionic neurons arise from brainstem and sacral segments.
    • It has long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers, primarily localized at the target organs.

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    Description

    Explore the key functions and organization of the nervous system, including the roles of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Delve into the structure of neurons, learning about their components such as the soma, dendrites, and axons. This quiz will test your understanding of how these elements work together to maintain homeostasis and facilitate communication within the body.

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