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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
- Produce neurotransmitters
- Transmit action potentials to the effectors
- Receive information from other neurons (correct)
- Protect the neuron from injury
What characterizes the axon of a neuron?
What characterizes the axon of a neuron?
- Varies in diameter along its length
- Has a conical shape at its origin (correct)
- Contains synaptic vesicles exclusively at the axon hillock
- Extensively branched like dendrites
Which type of neuron is responsible for detecting stimuli from the environment?
Which type of neuron is responsible for detecting stimuli from the environment?
- Interneurons
- Efferent neurons
- Sensory neurons (correct)
- Motor neurons
What term describes the movement of signals away from the neuron cell body?
What term describes the movement of signals away from the neuron cell body?
What is a major component of the neuron cell body?
What is a major component of the neuron cell body?
Where is the synapse located in relation to the axon?
Where is the synapse located in relation to the axon?
Which of the following structures is not found in the neuron cell body?
Which of the following structures is not found in the neuron cell body?
What function does the presynaptic terminal serve?
What function does the presynaptic terminal serve?
Which type of neuron has many dendrites and a single axon?
Which type of neuron has many dendrites and a single axon?
What is the primary function of astrocytes in the Central Nervous System?
What is the primary function of astrocytes in the Central Nervous System?
Which type of glial cell is responsible for phagocytosing foreign bodies in the CNS?
Which type of glial cell is responsible for phagocytosing foreign bodies in the CNS?
Bipolar neurons are primarily found in which region of the body?
Bipolar neurons are primarily found in which region of the body?
What is the primary role of oligodendrocytes in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of oligodendrocytes in the nervous system?
What distinguishes pseudo-unipolar neurons from bipolar neurons?
What distinguishes pseudo-unipolar neurons from bipolar neurons?
Which type of neuron does not have an axon?
Which type of neuron does not have an axon?
What is the function of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the function of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the primary function of the lateral hemispheres of the brain?
What is the primary function of the lateral hemispheres of the brain?
Which structure is excluded from the thalamus' role as a sensory relay center?
Which structure is excluded from the thalamus' role as a sensory relay center?
Where is the flocculonodular lobe located and what is its primary function?
Where is the flocculonodular lobe located and what is its primary function?
What connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle in the brain?
What connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle in the brain?
Which of the following structures is found in the forebrain?
Which of the following structures is found in the forebrain?
What is the primary composition of the cerebrum's cortex?
What is the primary composition of the cerebrum's cortex?
What are the three main lobes of the cerebellum?
What are the three main lobes of the cerebellum?
What role does the midbrain primarily serve?
What role does the midbrain primarily serve?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are present in the human body?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are present in the human body?
Which root of a spinal nerve carries nerve impulses toward the CNS?
Which root of a spinal nerve carries nerve impulses toward the CNS?
What is the main function of sensory ganglia in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the main function of sensory ganglia in the peripheral nervous system?
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the 'fight or flight' response?
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the 'fight or flight' response?
Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for voluntary motor function and personality?
Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for voluntary motor function and personality?
What characteristic differentiates the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic nervous system?
What characteristic differentiates the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the main function of the parietal lobe?
What is the main function of the parietal lobe?
In the parasympathetic nervous system, where are the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons located?
In the parasympathetic nervous system, where are the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons located?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?
Which structure is considered the '5th lobe' of the brain and is involved in taste?
Which structure is considered the '5th lobe' of the brain and is involved in taste?
Which nuclei are part of the basal ganglia?
Which nuclei are part of the basal ganglia?
What term describes the collection of nerve bodies within the peripheral nervous system?
What term describes the collection of nerve bodies within the peripheral nervous system?
What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?
Which function is NOT associated with the limbic system?
Which function is NOT associated with the limbic system?
What is the primary role of white matter in the cerebrum?
What is the primary role of white matter in the cerebrum?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system?
Flashcards
Nervous System Function
Nervous System Function
Receives sensory input, integrates information, controls movement, maintains homeostasis, and establishes mental activities.
Nervous System Organization
Nervous System Organization
Divided into Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
Neuron Cell Body
Neuron Cell Body
Contains the nucleus, and it carries out typical cellular functions.
Dendrites
Dendrites
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Axon
Axon
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Sensory Neuron
Sensory Neuron
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Motor Neuron
Motor Neuron
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Interneuron
Interneuron
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Multipolar Neuron
Multipolar Neuron
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Bipolar Neuron
Bipolar Neuron
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Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron
Pseudo-Unipolar Neuron
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Anaxonic Neuron
Anaxonic Neuron
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Astrocyte
Astrocyte
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Ependymal Cell
Ependymal Cell
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Microglia
Microglia
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Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Spinal Nerves
Spinal Nerves
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Anterior Root
Anterior Root
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Posterior Root
Posterior Root
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Ganglia
Ganglia
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Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Study Notes
Functions of the Nervous System
- Receives sensory input from the environment.
- Integrates information for response and action.
- Controls movements of muscles and secretion from glands.
- Maintains homeostasis within the body.
- Establishes and sustains mental activities, including cognition and emotion.
Organization of the Nervous System
- Divided into Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
Cells of the Nervous System: Neurons
- Neurons are electrically excitable cells comprising:
- Neuron Cell Body (Soma): Contains the nucleus and typical cellular structures.
- Dendrites: Short, branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons.
- Axon: A long extension, originates from the axon hillock, that transmits impulses away from the neuron.
Neuron Structure
- Neuron Cell Body (Soma): Houses the nucleus and has Nissl bodies for protein synthesis.
- Dendrites: Function to gather messages from other neurons.
- Axons: Elicit signals away from the neuron, ending at synapses, with axoplasm as cytoplasm and axolemma as membrane.
- Signal transmission follows:
- Anterograde movement: Away from the cell body.
- Retrograde movement: Toward the cell body.
Types of Neurons Based on Function
- Sensory Neurons (Afferent): Relay sensory information to the CNS.
- Motor Neurons (Efferent): Transmit signals from the CNS to muscles or glands.
- Interneurons: Connect neurons within the CNS, facilitating communication.
Types of Neurons Based on Dendrites
- Multipolar Neurons: Many dendrites, one axon; primarily motor and CNS neurons.
- Bipolar Neurons: One dendrite and one axon; often in sensory organs.
- Pseudo-Unipolar Neurons: Start as bipolar but fuse into a single process; common in sensory pathways.
- Anaxonic Neurons: Lack axons, primarily found in brain structures.
Glial Cells
- Support and protect neurons, with four main types in the CNS:
- Astrocytes: Create the blood-brain barrier, regulate ion exchange.
- Ependymal Cells: Line brain cavities, produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Microglia: Act as immune cells, clearing debris and pathogens.
- Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheath around CNS axons.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Composed of cranial and spinal nerves:
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves exiting the skull.
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves leaving the spinal cord.
Spinal Nerves
- Divided into:
- 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal nerves.
- Comprised of two roots:
- Anterior Root: Efferent fibers, signaling away from the CNS.
- Posterior Root: Afferent fibers, conveying sensory information to the CNS.
Ganglia
- Clusters of nerve cell bodies in PNS, functioning as relay stations.
- Types include sensory ganglia (related to sensation) and autonomic ganglia (related to involuntary control).
Autonomic Nervous System
- Divided into:
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Prepares the body for "fight or flight."
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: Responsible for "rest and digest" functions.
Sympathetic Nervous System
- Preganglionic neurons originate in thoracic and lumbar regions.
- Features short preganglionic fiber and long postganglionic fiber.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Preganglionic neurons arise from brainstem and sacral segments.
- It has long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers, primarily localized at the target organs.
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