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Questions and Answers
The nervous system is solely composed of neurons.
The nervous system is solely composed of neurons.
False
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles.
True
The cerebellum is responsible for vision.
The cerebellum is responsible for vision.
False
Efferent neurons transmit information from the CNS to muscles or glands.
Efferent neurons transmit information from the CNS to muscles or glands.
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The dura mater is the innermost layer of the meninges.
The dura mater is the innermost layer of the meninges.
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Gray matter is composed of myelinated axons.
Gray matter is composed of myelinated axons.
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Korbinian Brodmann created a map of the cerebral cortex based on the organization of neurons in 1909.
Korbinian Brodmann created a map of the cerebral cortex based on the organization of neurons in 1909.
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The brain stem is responsible for regulating heart rate, breathing, and swallowing.
The brain stem is responsible for regulating heart rate, breathing, and swallowing.
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The spinal cord is one of the five major parts of the Central Nervous System.
The spinal cord is one of the five major parts of the Central Nervous System.
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Sensory processing is primarily controlled by the frontal lobes.
Sensory processing is primarily controlled by the frontal lobes.
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The cortical homunculus represents a distorted view of the human body based on brain functions related solely to sensory processing.
The cortical homunculus represents a distorted view of the human body based on brain functions related solely to sensory processing.
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The diencephalon includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, which relay sensory signals and regulate body functions respectively.
The diencephalon includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, which relay sensory signals and regulate body functions respectively.
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The spinal cord is composed solely of white matter, which carries sensory information to the brain.
The spinal cord is composed solely of white matter, which carries sensory information to the brain.
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The ventral root of a spinal nerve is responsible for bringing sensory information into the spinal cord.
The ventral root of a spinal nerve is responsible for bringing sensory information into the spinal cord.
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The human connectome project aims to create a wiring map of all neural connections in the brain.
The human connectome project aims to create a wiring map of all neural connections in the brain.
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The somatic nervous system is responsible for involuntary control of muscle movements.
The somatic nervous system is responsible for involuntary control of muscle movements.
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Dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of neurons that are part of the somatic nervous system.
Dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of neurons that are part of the somatic nervous system.
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The limbic system is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature and hunger.
The limbic system is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature and hunger.
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Study Notes
Nervous System Structure and Function
- The nervous system is a complex network of specialized cells
- It conducts electrochemical stimuli from sensory receptors to the site where a response is created
- The system is made up of neurons and glia.
Organisation of the Nervous System
- The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
- The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia.
- The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
- Ganglia house groups of nerve cell bodies. Peripheral nerves provide a communication network between the CNS and the body.
Functions of the Nervous System
- The nervous system collects and processes information
- Sensory input is transmitted to the CNS via afferent neurons.
- The PNS transmits sensory info to the CNS
- The CNS processes information and decides appropriate responses.
- Motor output is sent from the CNS via efferent neurons to muscles or glands.
- The CNS sends motor info to muscles and glands.
Functional Organisation
- The SNS controls voluntary movements, with a single neuron pathway to target muscles.
- The ANS manages involuntary functions, such as internal organs’ activity. The ANS uses a two-neuron pathway.
- Within the PNS, the sympathetic division activates the body during activities
- The parasympathetic division conserves energy and supports rest.
Central Nervous System- Detailed Structures
- Brain: The control center with five main parts: Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brain Stem, and Spinal Cord
- Cerebrum: Separated into lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital).
- Frontal Lobe: Responsible for executive functions, personality.
- Parietal Lobe: Involved in sensory processing and motor movement control
- Temporal Lobe: Associated with language, communication, and memory.
- Occipital Lobe: Dedicated to vision.
- Cerebellum: Coordinates movement, posture, and balance, and motor learning
- Brain Stem: Connects the brain to the spinal cord; regulates essential life functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure; involved in cranial nerve function.
- Spinal cord: Connects the brain to the body; conducts sensory and motor signals between the brain and the rest of the body. It is protected by the vertebral column and composed of grey and white matter. 31 segments give rise to pairs of spinal nerves.
Meninges
- The brain and spinal cord are covered by three layers of protective membranes called meninges: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater.
- The dura mater is the outermost layer and is attached to the skull.
- The arachnoid mater is a thin, web-like layer between the dura and pia mater.
- The pia mater is the innermost layer, which is tightly attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
- The subarachnoid space, located between the arachnoid and pia mater membranes, contains cerebrospinal fluid.
Ventricular System
- The brain's ventricular system contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF fills the cavities or ventricles within the brain.
- CSF is produced in the ventricles by the choroid plexus.
- CSF serves to protect the brain and remove metabolic waste.
Gray vs. White Matter
- Gray matter contains cell bodies of neurons.
- Grey matter contains cell bodies of neural cells.
- White matter consists of myelinated axons.
- White matter contains myelinated axons.
Brodmann's Map
- Brodmann's map, introduced in 1909, categorises distinct anatomical regions in the cerebral cortex.
- Different regions play different functions. This map identifies the location and function of various brain regions based on the different organisation of neurons.
Functional Organisation of Cerebral Cortex
- The cerebral cortex contains motor, premotor, working memory areas, and various sensory areas (visual, auditory), including association areas (involved in integrating signals from different brain regions) .
Cortical Homunculus
- A cortical homunculus is a visual representation of the human body, demonstrating the disproportionate representation of body parts in the primary motor and somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex. Larger proportional areas devoted to more sensitive or controlled parts of the body. Body parts are represented in the brain, with dedicated areas for different functions like sensation or movement.
Limbic System
- The limbic system is the brain's emotional centre. Motivated behaviours are associated with the limbic system, including anxiety, sexual behaviour, aggressive behaviour, food intake, thirst and memory.
Diancephalon
- The diencephalon includes thalamus and hypothalamus.
- The thalamus processes sensory information to various regions of the cerebral cortex.
- The hypothalamus regulates the stress response, sleep, wake, temperature, body functions, and the endocrine system.
Cranial Nerves
- There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
- Cranial nerves directly connect to the brain and have varied functions (sensory or motor or both).
- A mnemonic device for remembering the names of cranial nerves is commonly used.
Spinal Nerves
- There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that originate from the spinal cord.
- There is a dorsal and ventral roots of each spinal nerve.
- Spinal nerves transmit signals to and from the spinal cord and the rest of the body.
Somatic vs. Autonomic Nervous System
- The SNS controls voluntary movements with one neuron pathway and the ANS manages involuntary functions with a two neuron pathway.
Connectome
- The connectome is the complete map of neural connections in the brain.
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Description
Explore the intricate structure and functions of the nervous system in this quiz. Learn about the components of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems, as well as how sensory and motor information is processed. Test your knowledge on the essential roles of neurons and glia.
