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Questions and Answers
Which cranial nerves are classified as sensory only?
Which cranial nerves are classified as sensory only?
What best describes the function of the reticular activating system?
What best describes the function of the reticular activating system?
In which situation are beta brain waves typically observed?
In which situation are beta brain waves typically observed?
What characterizes continuous propagation in axons?
What characterizes continuous propagation in axons?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the spinal meningeal layers from superficial to deep?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the spinal meningeal layers from superficial to deep?
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What does a positive Babinski sign indicate in adults?
What does a positive Babinski sign indicate in adults?
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Which layer of the meninges directly covers the brain?
Which layer of the meninges directly covers the brain?
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Which part of the spinal cord contains motor visceral nuclei?
Which part of the spinal cord contains motor visceral nuclei?
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Which type of neuron is characterized by having a centrally located cell body with one axon and one dendrite?
Which type of neuron is characterized by having a centrally located cell body with one axon and one dendrite?
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What is the function of ependymal cells in the CNS?
What is the function of ependymal cells in the CNS?
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What is the action of the sodium-potassium pump concerning ion transport?
What is the action of the sodium-potassium pump concerning ion transport?
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Which stage of an action potential describes the movement of positive ions leaving the membrane?
Which stage of an action potential describes the movement of positive ions leaving the membrane?
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What best describes the function of astrocytes in the CNS?
What best describes the function of astrocytes in the CNS?
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Which disease is associated with the progressive degeneration of CNS motor neurons?
Which disease is associated with the progressive degeneration of CNS motor neurons?
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In terms of neuron structure, what is a unique feature of unipolar neurons?
In terms of neuron structure, what is a unique feature of unipolar neurons?
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Which neuroglia in the PNS is responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons?
Which neuroglia in the PNS is responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons?
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What is the resting potential of a neuron?
What is the resting potential of a neuron?
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Which type of neuron is the most common in the human body?
Which type of neuron is the most common in the human body?
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Which structure serves as the connection between the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
Which structure serves as the connection between the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
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What is the primary role of the thalamus in the brain?
What is the primary role of the thalamus in the brain?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for emotional connections?
Which structure is primarily responsible for emotional connections?
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What structure contains centers for autonomic reflexes and visceral functions?
What structure contains centers for autonomic reflexes and visceral functions?
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Which part of the hypothalamus regulates circadian rhythms?
Which part of the hypothalamus regulates circadian rhythms?
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Which structure connects the cerebellum and cerebrum?
Which structure connects the cerebellum and cerebrum?
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What structure forms the pointed tip of the spinal cord?
What structure forms the pointed tip of the spinal cord?
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Which structure is responsible for visual reflexes?
Which structure is responsible for visual reflexes?
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Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for personality and decision making?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for personality and decision making?
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What is the correct sequence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow through the brain?
What is the correct sequence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow through the brain?
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What is the total number of pairs of spinal nerves in the human body?
What is the total number of pairs of spinal nerves in the human body?
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for the majority of parasympathetic outflow?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the majority of parasympathetic outflow?
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What is a characteristic of stretch reflexes?
What is a characteristic of stretch reflexes?
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Which of the following is an effect of increased sympathetic activity?
Which of the following is an effect of increased sympathetic activity?
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Which hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for speech and writing?
Which hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for speech and writing?
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Which lobe of the brain is associated with visual processing?
Which lobe of the brain is associated with visual processing?
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Study Notes
Nervous System - Exam 4 Study Guide
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Neurons:
- Anaxonic: All processes appear the same, rare, found in the brain.
- Bipolar: One axon, one dendrite, centrally located cell body, found in the retina and inner ear.
- Unipolar: One axon, dendrites branch off one end, telodendria from the other; cell body off to the side; sensory neurons in PNS.
- Multipolar: Many processes branching off cell body; one axon, many dendrites; most common; motor neurons.
Neuroglia of the CNS
- Ependymal cells: Produce and monitor cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Microglia: Cleanup cells, remove debris and pathogens.
- Astrocytes: Form and monitor blood-brain barrier, produce scar tissue upon CNS damage, produce chemicals that inhibit axon growth after injury.
- Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheath on axons of CNS.
Neuroglia of the PNS
- Satellite cells: Control chemical environment around cell bodies in PNS.
- Schwann cells: Form myelin sheath around axons in PNS.
Neuron Resting Potential
- -70mV.
Threshold Potential
- -60mV; triggers action potential.
Depolarization
- Influx of positive ions through membrane, causes membrane potential to become positive.
Repolarization
- Positive ions leave the membrane; membrane potential returns to negative (resting potential).
Hyperpolarization
- Membrane potential becomes too negative (less than -70mV).
Sodium-Potassium Pump
- Active; pumps 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in.
Gradients
- Chemical: Flow of ions based on concentration gradients.
- Electrical: Movement of ions based on electrical charge; opposite charges attract, like charges repel.
- Electrochemical: Combination of chemical and electrical gradients.
Diseases
- Multiple sclerosis: Demyelinating disorder.
- Parkinson's disease: Decreased dopamine production by substantia nigra.
- Alzheimer's disease: Decrease in higher-order cerebral function, memory, etc.
- Cerebral palsy: Group of disorders affecting voluntary motor function; can be genetic, due to maternal substance use, or birth trauma.
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Progressive degeneration of CNS motor neurons.
- Rabies: Damages CNS through retrograde flow, starts at axon terminals.
- Myasthenia gravis: Degenerative, progressive loss of ACh receptors; gradual weakness.
- Botulism: Caused by a toxin, results in lack of ACh release; paralysis of affected muscles.
- Rigor mortis: Stiffness in muscles after death; no ATP, cross bridges cannot release.
- Polio: Loss of voluntary muscle function.
- Tetanus: Caused by bacterial toxin; results in sustained uncontrolled muscle spasms.
Functional Brain Cortex Locations
- Frontal lobe: Personality, decision-making.
- Occipital lobe: Visual cortex.
- Temporal lobe: Auditory cortex.
- Parietal lobe: General sensory, voluntary motor cortex.
- Insular lobe: Olfactory and gustatory cortex.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Path
- Lateral ventricles → Interventricular foramen → Third ventricle → Cerebral aqueduct → Fourth ventricle → Central canal.
Spinal Nerves
- 31 pairs.
- 8 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- etc.
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Description
Prepare for your Exam 4 on the Nervous System with this comprehensive study guide. Review key concepts related to neurons and neuroglia, including their types and functions. This guide is essential for understanding the complexities of the nervous system.
