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Questions and Answers
The basic functional units of the nervous system are individual cells called:
The basic functional units of the nervous system are individual cells called:
- astrocytes
- neurons (correct)
- nephrons
- glial cells
Supporting cells of the nervous system, called neuroglia, perform all of the following, EXCEPT:
Supporting cells of the nervous system, called neuroglia, perform all of the following, EXCEPT:
- help regulate the composition of interstitial fluid
- provide supportive framework for neural tissue
- separate and protect the neurons
- act as lymphocytes (correct)
What is the term for the nervous system comprising all neurons outside the brain and spinal cord?
What is the term for the nervous system comprising all neurons outside the brain and spinal cord?
- central nervous system
- autonomic nervous system
- somatic nervous system
- peripheral nervous system (correct)
The autonomic nervous system provides regulation of each of the following, EXCEPT:
The autonomic nervous system provides regulation of each of the following, EXCEPT:
Which of the following is NOT a basic function of the nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a basic function of the nervous system?
Neurons are classified on the basis of structure as each of the following, EXCEPT:
Neurons are classified on the basis of structure as each of the following, EXCEPT:
The multipolar neuron consists of all of the following, EXCEPT:
The multipolar neuron consists of all of the following, EXCEPT:
The axons of some neurons are wrapped in an insulating sheath made of:
The axons of some neurons are wrapped in an insulating sheath made of:
The insulating sheath is interrupted at regular intervals, exposing the neural membrane. These interruptions are called ____ of Ranvier
The insulating sheath is interrupted at regular intervals, exposing the neural membrane. These interruptions are called ____ of Ranvier
Neurons use ____ to carry information from the cell body to the synaptic terminal
Neurons use ____ to carry information from the cell body to the synaptic terminal
An action potential is a change in membrane potential during ____ of a neuron
An action potential is a change in membrane potential during ____ of a neuron
Where in a neuron is the highest density of voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels found?
Where in a neuron is the highest density of voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels found?
Events that make initiation of an action potential less likely are:
Events that make initiation of an action potential less likely are:
Which of the following is a CORRECT step in the generation of an action potential
Which of the following is a CORRECT step in the generation of an action potential
From the time an action potential begins until the normal resting potential has stabilized, the membrane will not respond normally to additional depolarizing stimuli, this period is known as the:
From the time an action potential begins until the normal resting potential has stabilized, the membrane will not respond normally to additional depolarizing stimuli, this period is known as the:
In a neural action potential repolarization involves the loss of ____ ions.
In a neural action potential repolarization involves the loss of ____ ions.
The ____ exchange pump slowly restores intracellular and extracellular ion distributions to pre-stimulation levels when the neuron is not active (i.e. at rest).
The ____ exchange pump slowly restores intracellular and extracellular ion distributions to pre-stimulation levels when the neuron is not active (i.e. at rest).
An action potential (impulse) is relayed along the axon of a neuron in a series of steps, with action potentials in one section of the axon bringing the adjacent region to ____ and 'handing on' the impulse.
An action potential (impulse) is relayed along the axon of a neuron in a series of steps, with action potentials in one section of the axon bringing the adjacent region to ____ and 'handing on' the impulse.
Continuous propagation is the basic mechanism by which an action potential is propagated along ____ appearing to move along the membrane in a series of tiny steps.
Continuous propagation is the basic mechanism by which an action potential is propagated along ____ appearing to move along the membrane in a series of tiny steps.
Where action potentials "jump" along the axon in a series of steps this is known as:
Where action potentials "jump" along the axon in a series of steps this is known as:
Electrical impulses are passed from neurons to neurons or other cells at a specialized junction called a:
Electrical impulses are passed from neurons to neurons or other cells at a specialized junction called a:
Electrical synapses are rare and occur when presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are locked together tightly by:
Electrical synapses are rare and occur when presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are locked together tightly by:
In a chemical synapse, communication across the synaptic cleft requires the release of a ____ from the presynaptic membrane
In a chemical synapse, communication across the synaptic cleft requires the release of a ____ from the presynaptic membrane
According to the 'lock-and-key' model, the same neurotransmitter may act on:
According to the 'lock-and-key' model, the same neurotransmitter may act on:
Substances that can bind to a receptor are called ligands. Ligands that block or reduce neurotransmitter action are called:
Substances that can bind to a receptor are called ligands. Ligands that block or reduce neurotransmitter action are called:
Neurotransmitters that may be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the postsynaptic receptor are called ____ neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters that may be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the postsynaptic receptor are called ____ neurotransmitters.
ACh is the neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction, the specialised synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle, where it acts on the ____ acetylcholine receptor
ACh is the neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction, the specialised synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle, where it acts on the ____ acetylcholine receptor
Which of the following is NOT an accurate event at the cholinergic synapse?
Which of the following is NOT an accurate event at the cholinergic synapse?
When signals from another nerve terminal at the presynaptic membrane causes a decreased release of neurotransmitter, it is called:
When signals from another nerve terminal at the presynaptic membrane causes a decreased release of neurotransmitter, it is called:
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a ____ caused by the arrival of a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a ____ caused by the arrival of a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane
Individual postsynaptic potentials can combine by the process of summation, which integrates the effects of:
Individual postsynaptic potentials can combine by the process of summation, which integrates the effects of:
The addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession (i.e. from single source) is called:
The addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession (i.e. from single source) is called:
A reflex arc contains each of the following, EXCEPT:
A reflex arc contains each of the following, EXCEPT:
The region of the brain which performs higher functions and planning and execution of voluntary motor action is called the:
The region of the brain which performs higher functions and planning and execution of voluntary motor action is called the:
The electroencephalogram provides a clinical assessment of overall brain function, and records each of the following, EXCEPT:
The electroencephalogram provides a clinical assessment of overall brain function, and records each of the following, EXCEPT:
The ____ is an area of the brain responsible for maintenance of homeostasis by controlling behaviours essential to survival of the individual or species via hormones and the sympathetic nervous system
The ____ is an area of the brain responsible for maintenance of homeostasis by controlling behaviours essential to survival of the individual or species via hormones and the sympathetic nervous system
Activation of the ____ branch of the autonomic nervous system causes "rest-and-repose" responses, associated with relative inactivity and digestion.
Activation of the ____ branch of the autonomic nervous system causes "rest-and-repose" responses, associated with relative inactivity and digestion.
A number of organs have ____ by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, with opposite effects.
A number of organs have ____ by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, with opposite effects.
The principal neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, which may act on alpha and beta receptors is:
The principal neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, which may act on alpha and beta receptors is:
The principal neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system is ____ acting on muscarinic receptors.
The principal neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system is ____ acting on muscarinic receptors.
Flashcards
What are neurons?
What are neurons?
Individual nerve cells, the basic functional units of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information.
What are glial cells?
What are glial cells?
Supporting cells that provide structural support, protection, and nutrient transport to neurons, but do not transmit information.
What is the peripheral nervous system?
What is the peripheral nervous system?
Includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord, responsible for connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.
What is the autonomic nervous system?
What is the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the sensory function of the nervous system?
What is the sensory function of the nervous system?
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What is the integrative function of the nervous system?
What is the integrative function of the nervous system?
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What is the motor function of the nervous system?
What is the motor function of the nervous system?
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What is a multipolar neuron?
What is a multipolar neuron?
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What is the myelin sheath?
What is the myelin sheath?
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What are nodes of Ranvier?
What are nodes of Ranvier?
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What is an action potential?
What is an action potential?
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Where is the axon hillock located?
Where is the axon hillock located?
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What are excitatory events?
What are excitatory events?
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What are inhibitory events?
What are inhibitory events?
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What is the refractory period?
What is the refractory period?
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What is repolarization?
What is repolarization?
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What is the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
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What is continuous propagation?
What is continuous propagation?
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What is saltatory propagation?
What is saltatory propagation?
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What is a synapse?
What is a synapse?
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What is an electrical synapse?
What is an electrical synapse?
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What is a chemical synapse?
What is a chemical synapse?
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What are ligands?
What are ligands?
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What are antagonists?
What are antagonists?
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What are bifunctional neurotransmitters?
What are bifunctional neurotransmitters?
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What is acetylcholine (ACh)?
What is acetylcholine (ACh)?
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What is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?
What is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?
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What is summation?
What is summation?
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What is the cortex?
What is the cortex?
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What is the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
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What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Study Notes
Nervous System Self-Assessment
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Basic Functional Units: The basic functional units of the nervous system are neurons.
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Supporting Cells: Neuroglia (glial cells) provide support and protection for neurons, maintain the framework of neural tissue, and regulate the composition of interstitial fluid.
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Peripheral Nervous System: The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.
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Autonomic Nervous System Regulation: The autonomic nervous system regulates smooth muscle, glandular secretions, and cardiac muscle.
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Nervous System Functions: The nervous system has motor, sensory, and integrative functions.
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Neuron Classification: Neurons are classified by structure as multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, or anaxonic.
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Multipolar Neuron Components: A multipolar neuron has dendrites, an axon, and a synaptic terminal.
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Axon Insulation: Some neurons have axons insulated by myelin.
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Node of Ranvier: The insulating sheath is interrupted at regular intervals by Nodes of Ranvier, exposing the neural membrane.
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Neuron Communication: Neurons use neurotransmitters to carry information.
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Action Potential: An action potential is a change in a neuron's membrane potential. It involves facilitation or potentiation.
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Voltage Gated Sodium Channels: Voltage-gated sodium channels are highly concentrated at the axon hillock.
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Action Potential Initiation: Events that make the initiation of an action potential less likely are inhibitory.
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Action Potential Generation: Steps in generating an action potential include polarization to threshold, inactivation of sodium (Na+) channels and activation of potassium (K+) channels, activation of potassium (K+) channels, and return to impermeability.
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Refractory Period: During the refractory period, the membrane will not respond normally to additional depolarizing stimuli.
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Repolarization: Repolarization involves the loss of potassium (K+) ions.
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Ion Exchange Pump: Sodium-potassium exchange pumps restore pre-stimulation levels of ion distributions.
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Action Potential Propagation: Action potentials are propagated along the axon in a series of steps - this is either continuous propagation along an unmyelinated axon or saltatory propagation along a myelinated axon.
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Synaptic Junction: Electrical impulses are passed from neurons to neurons or other cells at a synapse.
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Chemical Synapses: Chemical synapses involve the release, across the synaptic cleft, of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic membrane.
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Types of Postsynaptic Receptors: Postsynaptic receptors can be agonists (boost neurotransmitter action) or antagonists (block neurotransmitter action).
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Neurotransmitter Types: Depending on the postsynaptic receptor, a neurotransmitter can be either excitatory, inhibitory, or both.
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Neuromuscular Junction: The neurotransmitter ACh acts on muscarinic or nicotinic receptors during neuromuscular junction action.
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Cholinergic Synapses: At cholinergic synapses, action potentials trigger the release of acetylcholine.
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Signal Reception & Depolarization: Neurotransmitter binding to receptors depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.
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Presynaptic Inhibition: Decreased release of neurotransmitter (by another nerve terminal) reduces the postsynaptic membrane potential during presynaptic inhibition.
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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP): Excitatory postsynaptic potentials are caused by the arrival of a neurotransmitter, and result in graded depolarization.
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Synaptic Integration: Individual postsynaptic potentials combine through summation (temporal or spatial) to integrate their effects.
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Reflex Arc Components: Reflex arcs have a receptor, an efferent junction, a central synapse, and an effector organ.
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Brain Region for Voluntary Motor Actions: The cortex of the brain performs higher functions, including planning and executing voluntary motor actions.
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Brain Wave Recording Instrument: Electroencephalogram (EEG) records brain waves to assess overall brain function.
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Homeostasis Control Center: The hypothalamus controls homeostasis, using behaviours essential for survival.
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Autonomic System Branches: The parasympathetic branch is associated with rest-and-repose responses and digestion.
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Co-operative vs. Opposite Effects: Some organs have cooperative innervation from both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
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Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (ACh) is the principal neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Sympathetic Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine is the principal neurotransmitter for the sympathetic system.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the nervous system's basic structure and functions. This quiz covers the roles of neurons, supporting cells, and the different classifications of neurons. Perfect for students studying biology or healthcare-related fields.
