Biology Nervous System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What are the two main types of cells that make up nervous tissue?

Neurons and Neuroglia (correct)

Erythrocytes and Neurons

Glial cells and Microglia

Astrocytes and Neurons

What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?

To regulate blood flow

To transmit nerve impulses (correct)

To produce hormones

To protect and support other cells

Which of the following best describes the role of neuroglia?

They are the primary communication cells of the brain.

They form the protective myelin sheath around nerves.

They transmit electrical signals across synapses.

They protect and support neurons. (correct)

What does the central nervous system (CNS) primarily consist of?

Brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the nervous system is responsible for connecting the CNS to the organs?

Peripheral nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the spinal cord in the nervous system?

To transmit information between the brain and body Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of astrocytes, a type of neuroglia?

To regulate the extracellular environment around neurons Signup and view all the answers

What do neurons primarily transmit?

Nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the process of repolarization in the membrane potential?

Closure of sodium channels Signup and view all the answers

At what threshold value does depolarization bring an area of excitable membrane?

-60 mV Signup and view all the answers

What is the membrane potential when it reaches its peak during depolarization?

+30 mV Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sodium and potassium channels during the depolarization phase?

Sodium channels close and potassium channels open Signup and view all the answers

What follows the peak depolarization in terms of ion movement?

Sodium ions move into the cell Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the membrane potential after repolarization has occurred?

Resting potential Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes hyperpolarization?

A decrease in membrane potential below resting potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of voltage-gated potassium channels during repolarization?

They open to allow potassium ions to exit the cell Signup and view all the answers

What types of target cells can be affected by neurotransmitters?

Neurons, muscles, and glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters in a synapse?

They bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane Signup and view all the answers

Where are neurotransmitters stored before being released?

In the vesicles of the axon terminals Signup and view all the answers

What separates the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron from the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron?

The synaptic cleft Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a synapse?

It transmits electrical impulses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Generate myelin sheaths around axons Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily characterized by demyelination of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Guillain-Barré syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glial cell supports neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system?

Satellite cells Signup and view all the answers

What is closely associated with altered neuroprotective ability related to Alzheimer's disease?

Microglial functional changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of demyelination in the nervous system?

Damage to the myelin sheath surrounding neurons Signup and view all the answers

What happens to microglial function as age progresses in relation to Alzheimer’s disease?

They lose neuroprotective ability Signup and view all the answers

Which glial cell type produces myelin in the central nervous system?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of neuroglia?

Generating action potentials Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the action potential in the postsynaptic neuron?

Sodium ions diffusing through an ion channel in the receptor Signup and view all the answers

What determines if an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron?

The membrane potential reaching the threshold Signup and view all the answers

What breaks down ACh after it has acted on the postsynaptic neuron?

AChE (acetylcholinesterase) Signup and view all the answers

What role does calcium ions play in the action potential process?

They facilitate the exocytosis of neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ion channels are involved in the depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?

Chemically regulated sodium ion channels Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is involved in facilitating information transmission to the postsynaptic cell?

ACh (acetylcholine) Signup and view all the answers

What happens immediately after sodium channels are activated in the postsynaptic neuron?

The postsynaptic membrane becomes depolarized Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the presynaptic neuron prior to neurotransmitter release?

Action potential reaches the axon terminal Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the postsynaptic neuron as a result of ACh binding to its receptors?

Depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane Signup and view all the answers

In what manner does ACh facilitate information transmission?

By acting as an excitatory neurotransmitter Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Nervous System

The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS integrates and coordinates input and output, consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
The PNS connects the CNS to the organs.

The Structure of the Neuron

Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system and transmit nerve impulses.
Nervous tissue is made up of neurons and neuroglia.
Neuroglia cells protect, support, and regulate the environment around neurons.

Neuroglia in the CNS

Oligodendrocytes produce the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS.
Demyelination of the CNS can cause conditions like multiple sclerosis.

Neuroglia in the PNS

Satellite cells surround and support neuron cell bodies in the PNS.
Schwann cells generate myelin sheaths in the PNS.
Demyelination of the PNS can cause conditions like Guillain-Barré Syndrome.

Synapses

Synapses are junctions between neurons.
Information flows from the axon of a presynaptic neuron to the dendrite or cell body of a postsynaptic neuron.
Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles and released into the synaptic cleft.
These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, triggering an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.

Neurotransmitters

There are various neurotransmitters, and their effects can be excitatory or inhibitory.
Excitatory neurotransmitters like acetylcholine facilitate information transmission to the postsynaptic cell, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential components of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. It explores the structure and function of neurons and neuroglia, as well as the role of synapses in nerve transmission. Test your knowledge about how these elements interact to form a complex communication network in the body.