Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the general molecular formula for carbohydrates?
What is the general molecular formula for carbohydrates?
Which of the following is NOT a class of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is NOT a class of carbohydrates?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about monosaccharides and disaccharides?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about monosaccharides and disaccharides?
What functional groups are present in carbohydrates?
What functional groups are present in carbohydrates?
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What is the main use of D-glucose in pharmacy?
What is the main use of D-glucose in pharmacy?
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Which of the following disaccharides is NOT a reducing sugar?
Which of the following disaccharides is NOT a reducing sugar?
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Which of the following is NOT a natural source of D-Mannitol?
Which of the following is NOT a natural source of D-Mannitol?
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Which of the following is a common pharmaceutical application of Lactose?
Which of the following is a common pharmaceutical application of Lactose?
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What is the primary source of Maltose?
What is the primary source of Maltose?
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Which of the following is a common source of Vitamin C?
Which of the following is a common source of Vitamin C?
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What is the primary function of Lactulose in the context of hepatic encephalopathy?
What is the primary function of Lactulose in the context of hepatic encephalopathy?
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Which of the following monosaccharides is NOT a component of any of the disaccharides mentioned in the text?
Which of the following monosaccharides is NOT a component of any of the disaccharides mentioned in the text?
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What is the chemical relationship between Lactose and Lactulose?
What is the chemical relationship between Lactose and Lactulose?
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Which of the following components is primarily found in starch?
Which of the following components is primarily found in starch?
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What is the primary function of polysaccharides in plants?
What is the primary function of polysaccharides in plants?
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Which of the following polysaccharides is classified as a linear type?
Which of the following polysaccharides is classified as a linear type?
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Which of the following ingredients is found in semi-synthetic derivatives of cellulose?
Which of the following ingredients is found in semi-synthetic derivatives of cellulose?
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What major component predominantly makes up amylopectin in starch?
What major component predominantly makes up amylopectin in starch?
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Which of the following is a homogeneous polysaccharide?
Which of the following is a homogeneous polysaccharide?
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Which application of starch is primarily related to pharmaceutical use?
Which application of starch is primarily related to pharmaceutical use?
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Which of these trisaccharides is derived from many seeds, such as cottonseed?
Which of these trisaccharides is derived from many seeds, such as cottonseed?
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Study Notes
Natural Products from Acetate Pathway (Carbohydrates)
- This presentation discusses natural products derived from the acetate pathway, focusing on carbohydrates.
- The presenter, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Juriyati Jalil, is from the Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon with the general formula CnH2nOn or Cn(H2O)n.
- They are frequently referred to as “saccharides”.
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant constituents of plants, animals, and microorganisms.
- Monosaccharides and disaccharides are sweet-tasting and soluble.
- Polysaccharides are typically not sweet and insoluble.
- Carbohydrates serve as food reserves and precursors for secondary metabolites.
- They play a vital role in photosynthesis.
Carbohydrates Structure
- Carbohydrates contain a carbonyl group (either an aldehyde or a ketone) and multiple alcohol groups.
- The two simplest carbohydrates are glyceraldehyde (an aldose) and dihydroxyacetone (a ketose). Both are trioses.
Monosaccharides
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Monosaccharides are simple sugars. They cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars.
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Monosaccharides are further classified into pentoses (five carbon sugars like ribose) and hexoses (six carbon sugars like glucose).
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Aldoses have an aldehyde group at one end and ketoses have a ketone group
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Examples of aldohexoses include glucose, mannose, galactose. Examples of ketohexoses include fructose
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Cyclic forms of monosaccharides are known as furanose (cyclic pentoses) and pyranose (cyclic hexoses).
Monosaccharides in Pharmacy
- D-Glucose (dextrose) is abundant in plants, obtained from starch hydrolysis, and used medically for fluid replacement.
- It is also crucial in treating ketosis and hypoglycemia.
- Other monosaccharides like D-sorbitol and D-mannitol have pharmaceutical applications as well, including treatments for digestive issues and use as sweeteners.
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharide units joined together.
- Some common examples include sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar).
- Sucrose, derived from sugar cane or sugar beets, serves as a sweetener.
- Lactose, found in milk, is used as a filler.
- Other disaccharides like cellobiose and trehalose are also presented with details of their source and other uses
Other Carbohydrates
- Oligosaccharides (3-10 monosaccharides) and their roles
- Trisaccharides and tetrasaccharides are more complex polymers and their properties, uses and sources are also discussed.
Polysaccharides
- Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides, forming higher molecular weight polymers.
- Examples include amylose, amylopectin, starch, glycogen, cellulose etc.
- Polysaccharides provide structural support and energy storage.
- Starch is a major source of energy and components for pharmacy. Cellulose is a structural component, while others have specialized roles.
- Details of their structure, synthesis, functions and the role of polysaccharides in pharmacy practice are also discussed.
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Description
This quiz explores the natural products derived from the acetate pathway, focusing specifically on carbohydrates. It covers their chemical structures, functions, and classifications such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Perfect for students in pharmacy and biology courses.
