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Questions and Answers
What characterizes fixed oils when at room temperature?
What characterizes fixed oils when at room temperature?
Which of the following statements is true regarding fatty acids?
Which of the following statements is true regarding fatty acids?
What best describes the solubility of fixed oils and fats?
What best describes the solubility of fixed oils and fats?
What distinguishes waxes from fats?
What distinguishes waxes from fats?
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Which property is associated with fixed oils and fats upon prolonged storage?
Which property is associated with fixed oils and fats upon prolonged storage?
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What is the primary source of Beeswax?
What is the primary source of Beeswax?
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Which fatty acid is derived from the seeds of Sterculia foetida and affects membrane permeability?
Which fatty acid is derived from the seeds of Sterculia foetida and affects membrane permeability?
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What is Carnauba wax primarily used for in pharmacy?
What is Carnauba wax primarily used for in pharmacy?
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Which compound is NOT derived from animal sources?
Which compound is NOT derived from animal sources?
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What type of fatty acids are characterized by acetylenic bonds and can be toxic?
What type of fatty acids are characterized by acetylenic bonds and can be toxic?
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Which of the following is a common pharmaceutical use of jojoba oil?
Which of the following is a common pharmaceutical use of jojoba oil?
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What is one of the unique structural features of prostaglandins?
What is one of the unique structural features of prostaglandins?
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Which of the following fatty acids is not primarily derived from mammals?
Which of the following fatty acids is not primarily derived from mammals?
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Study Notes
Natural Products from Acetate Pathway (Lipids)
- Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules including fatty acids, fixed oils, fats, and waxes.
- Fatty acids are straight-chain, saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic acids.
- Lipids are important in various biological and pharmaceutical applications.
Lipids
- Lipids encompass fatty acids, fixed oils, fats, and waxes.
- Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids.
- Fixed oils and fats are esters of fatty acids with glycerol.
- Waxes are esters of fatty acids with high molecular weight alcohols.
Fatty Acids
- Fatty acids are alkanoic acids (also known as carboxylic acids).
- These are characterized by a straight hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at the end.
- They can be saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds).
Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
- Biosynthesis involves a series of reactions using acetyl-CoA and malonyl-ACP.
- Key reactions include Claisen reaction, reduction of carbonyl, and reduction of a double bond.
- The process extends the carbon chain, by two carbons in each turn of the cycle.
Fatty Acids Abbreviations
- Abbreviations for fatty acids define the number of carbon atoms and the position and stereochemistry of double bonds.
- Carbon atoms are typically abbreviated to : (e.g., 18:2).
- Position and stereochemistry of double bonds are also indicated.
Common Naturally Occurring Fatty Acids
- The document lists various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
- Examples of saturated fatty acids include butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids.
- Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic, palmitoleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids.
Fixed Oils & Fats
- Fixed oils and fats are esters of fatty acids with glycerol (specifically triglycerides).
- Fixed oils are liquid at room temperature, while fats are solid.
- Fats are more saturated than fixed oils.
Solubility & Uses of Fixed Oils & Fats
- Fixed oils and fats are soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water.
- Uses include food, pharmaceuticals, and as emollients or demulcents.
Waxes
- Waxes are esters of fatty acids with high molecular weight monohydric alcohols.
- At room temperature, waxes are viscous solids with a waxy luster.
- Waxes are similar to fats but are only saponified by alcoholic alkali.
Sources of Waxes
- Sources of waxes include animal sources (beeswax, wool fat) and plant sources (carnauba wax, sesame wax), and mineral-based paraffin.
- Waxes are used as protective coatings, and in pharmaceuticals as components in ointments and creams.
Lipids in Pharmacy
- Carnauba wax, jojoba oil, beeswax, and wool fat are all examples of lipids used in various pharmaceutical applications (e.g. as coating for tablets as lubricants for creams and ointments, etc.)
Acetylenic Fatty Acids
- Acetylenic fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids with acetylenic bonds.
- Some acetylenic fatty acids are toxic and allergenic.
- Examples include cicutoxin from water hemlock and oenanthotoxin from hemlock water dropwort.
Branched-chain Fatty Acids
- Branched-chain fatty acids are derived from mammals (e.g., wool fat, butter fat) and some plants.
- Examples include sterculic acid and chaulmoogric and hydnocarpic acids.
Prostaglandins
- Prostaglandins are cyclic C20 fatty acids.
- They have a cyclopentane ring and are biosynthesized from fatty acids.
- Examples include dihomo-y-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid.
- Prostaglandins are mainly derived from mammals and are found in certain soft corals.
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Description
This quiz explores the diverse group of biomolecules known as lipids, which include fatty acids, fixed oils, fats, and waxes. It covers the structure, biosynthesis, and various applications of these important compounds in biology and pharmaceuticals.
