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Questions and Answers
What was a significant reason the Congress did not include workers' demands in its struggle program?
What was a significant reason the Congress did not include workers' demands in its struggle program?
During the Civil Disobedience Movement, how did women's participation stand out?
During the Civil Disobedience Movement, how did women's participation stand out?
What was one activity that women participated in during Gandhiji's salt march?
What was one activity that women participated in during Gandhiji's salt march?
How did the participation of women in the nationalist movement affect their societal role?
How did the participation of women in the nationalist movement affect their societal role?
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What type of women primarily participated in the urban protests?
What type of women primarily participated in the urban protests?
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Which group of women represented rural participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Which group of women represented rural participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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What sentiment motivated women to join the Civil Disobedience Movement?
What sentiment motivated women to join the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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What was one of the notable actions taken by women during the Civil Disobedience Movement?
What was one of the notable actions taken by women during the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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What was Gandhiji's belief regarding the role of women in society?
What was Gandhiji's belief regarding the role of women in society?
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What was the main concern of the Muslim leaders regarding their political status in India?
What was the main concern of the Muslim leaders regarding their political status in India?
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Why was the Congress initially reluctant to allow women to hold positions of authority?
Why was the Congress initially reluctant to allow women to hold positions of authority?
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What did Muhammad Ali Jinnah propose in the negotiations with the Congress regarding representation?
What did Muhammad Ali Jinnah propose in the negotiations with the Congress regarding representation?
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What is the term used by the 'untouchables' to identify themselves from around the 1930s?
What is the term used by the 'untouchables' to identify themselves from around the 1930s?
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Which event contributed to the atmosphere of distrust between Congress and the Muslim League in 1928?
Which event contributed to the atmosphere of distrust between Congress and the Muslim League in 1928?
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What significant action did Mahatma Gandhi take to support the untouchables?
What significant action did Mahatma Gandhi take to support the untouchables?
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What was Sir Muhammad Iqbal's stance on separate electorates for Muslims?
What was Sir Muhammad Iqbal's stance on separate electorates for Muslims?
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What was one of the main demands of dalit leaders in their pursuit of political empowerment?
What was one of the main demands of dalit leaders in their pursuit of political empowerment?
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What did many Muslim leaders fear would happen if their status as a minority was not protected?
What did many Muslim leaders fear would happen if their status as a minority was not protected?
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What did Gandhi mean when he stated that swaraj would not come if untouchability was not eliminated?
What did Gandhi mean when he stated that swaraj would not come if untouchability was not eliminated?
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What was the outcome of the negotiations between the Congress and the Muslim League in 1927?
What was the outcome of the negotiations between the Congress and the Muslim League in 1927?
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How did the nationalist movement impact different social groups in India?
How did the nationalist movement impact different social groups in India?
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How did Sir Muhammad Iqbal's statement in 1930 influence future Muslim political demands?
How did Sir Muhammad Iqbal's statement in 1930 influence future Muslim political demands?
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Which of the following best describes Gandhi's approach to the concept of untouchability?
Which of the following best describes Gandhi's approach to the concept of untouchability?
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What primary aspect does the author associate with communalism?
What primary aspect does the author associate with communalism?
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What major shift occurred in Muslim political representation due to the Civil Disobedience Movement?
What major shift occurred in Muslim political representation due to the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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What is implied about the nature of Indian society compared to European societies?
What is implied about the nature of Indian society compared to European societies?
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How does the author perceive the idea of separate electorates in relation to nationalism?
How does the author perceive the idea of separate electorates in relation to nationalism?
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What does the author identify as a significant factor in understanding the Muslim community's demands?
What does the author identify as a significant factor in understanding the Muslim community's demands?
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What does the author suggest should be the role of communal identity within a nation?
What does the author suggest should be the role of communal identity within a nation?
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Which aspect of communalism does the author criticize?
Which aspect of communalism does the author criticize?
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In the author's view, what is a consequence of failing to recognize communal groups in India?
In the author's view, what is a consequence of failing to recognize communal groups in India?
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What is the effect of communalism on individual identity, according to the author?
What is the effect of communalism on individual identity, according to the author?
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What role did cultural processes play in the spread of nationalism?
What role did cultural processes play in the spread of nationalism?
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Which image symbolized the identity of India during the growth of nationalism in the twentieth century?
Which image symbolized the identity of India during the growth of nationalism in the twentieth century?
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Who created the image of Bharat Mata?
Who created the image of Bharat Mata?
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What was the significance of 'Vande Mataram' in the context of nationalism?
What was the significance of 'Vande Mataram' in the context of nationalism?
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What were the sources through which nationalism captured people’s imagination?
What were the sources through which nationalism captured people’s imagination?
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In which year did Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay write 'Vande Mataram'?
In which year did Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay write 'Vande Mataram'?
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How did united struggles contribute to nationalism?
How did united struggles contribute to nationalism?
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What type of imagery was used to frame the figure of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in nationalist movements?
What type of imagery was used to frame the figure of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in nationalist movements?
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What is linked to the growth of nationalism in the colonies?
What is linked to the growth of nationalism in the colonies?
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How did the First World War impact the National Movement in India?
How did the First World War impact the National Movement in India?
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What was one main reason for Indian outrage regarding the Rowlatt Act?
What was one main reason for Indian outrage regarding the Rowlatt Act?
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Why did Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Why did Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
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What does the idea of satyagraha represent?
What does the idea of satyagraha represent?
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What was a significant outcome of the Salt March?
What was a significant outcome of the Salt March?
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Which social group participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement primarily due to economic struggles?
Which social group participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement primarily due to economic struggles?
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What was a major point of contention among political leaders regarding separate electorates?
What was a major point of contention among political leaders regarding separate electorates?
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Study Notes
Nationalism in India
- Modern nationalism in Europe was linked to the formation of nation-states and a shift in people's understanding of identity and belonging.
- New symbols, songs, and ideas redefined communities.
- Indian nationalism developed closely with the anti-colonial movement.
- People found unity in their shared experience of oppression under colonialism.
- Different social groups with varying experiences of colonialism were brought together by shared oppression.
- The Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi, attempted to unite these diverse groups within a single movement.
The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
- The First World War caused a significant economic and political shift in India.
- Defense spending increased, leading to increased taxes and hardship for the common people.
- Crop failures and the influenza epidemic led to widespread famine and death.
- The Rowlatt Act was passed, granting the British government extensive powers to suppress political activity.
- This act sparked widespread outrage and protests, and a nationwide satyagraha movement opposing it.
The Rowlatt Act
- The Rowlatt Act granted extensive powers to the British government to suppress political activity.
- It allowed indefinite detention of political prisoners without trial.
- Satyagraha was a novel method of mass agitation led by Mahatma Gandhi, emphasizing truth, non-violence and appealing to the oppressor's conscience.
- His use of satyagraha focused on persuading, not punishing, the oppressors to acknowledge truth.
The Idea of Satyagraha
- Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
- It eschewed violence and emphasized appealing to the conscience of the adversary.
- Mahatma Gandhi successfully organized satyagraha movements in various places in India.
The Jallianwalla Bagh Incident
- A large crowd gathered in Jallianwalla Bagh to express protest or participate in the annual Baisakhi fair.
- General Dyer ordered troops to fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
- This incident and the violence caused the populace to respond with strikes, clashes with the police, and attacks on government buildings.
The Rowlatt Satyagraha
- The movement was mainly concentrated in cities and towns.
- The movement saw widespread participation from the middle class, with students, teachers and lawyers taking part.
- The boycott of British goods and institutions was effective but had limitations and challenges.
Rebellion in the Countryside
- Peasant movements in Awadh, led by Baba Ramchandra, protested high rents, forced labor, and lack of tenure security.
- Oudh Kisan Sabha, led by Jawaharlal Nehru and others, formed to organize the movement.
- The peasant movement developed with a focus on land redistribution, inspired by Mahatma Gandhi.
Why Non-Cooperation?
- British rule was established with cooperation from Indians.
- Gandhi believed that by refusing cooperation, British rule in India would collapse.
- Non-cooperation meant the surrender of titles, boycotting civil services, army, police, courts, legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.
Differing Strands of the Movement
- The movement saw wide participation from varied social groups, each with individual aspirations.
- The movement was focused on swaraj but diverse groups had different interpretations of the term.
- Farmers, laborers, and students participated.
Towards Civil Disobedience
- Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement due to its turn to violence.
- The Simon Commission, which did not include any Indian members, arrived sparking widespread protests.
- The British government responded with repressive measures.
The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement
- Mahatma Gandhi used salt as a symbol to galvanize and unite the nation against British rule.
- The Salt March was a famous non-violent protest against the salt tax.
- Participants defied British laws with peaceful demonstrations.
The Sense of Collective Belonging
- Nationalism emerged through shared struggles and cultural processes.
- History, fiction, folklore, songs, popular prints, and symbols shaped people's sense of belonging.
- Images, like Bharat Mata, were used to symbolize national identity.
The Limits of Civil Disobedience
- Not all social groups were equally affected or motivated by the Civil Disobedience Movement.
- The untouchables were excluded from the movement due to the fear of offending high-caste Hindus.
- The lack of representation and exclusion of communities led to internal conflicts.
The Sense of Collective Belonging
- The identity of a nation is often symbolized by a figure or image.
- Images of Bharat Mata evoked feelings of unity and national pride.
- Nationalist folklore and history played a role in defining Indian identity and fostering collective belonging.
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Description
Explore the rise of nationalism in India during the anti-colonial movement and its connection to the First World War. This quiz covers the impact of colonial rule, the formation of collective identity, and key events that shaped India's political landscape. Test your knowledge of important figures, movements, and historical context.
